java nio 基础之Select 用法

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本文参考至Java Nio 基础教程


Select (选择器)是Java Nio中能够检测一个到多个通道,并能够知道是否为诸如读写事件做好准备的组件。

这样,一个单独的线程就可以管理多个channel,从而管理多个网络连接。



为什么需要使用Select ?

仅用单个线程来处理多个Channels的好处是,只需要更少的线程来处理通道。事实上,可以只用一个线程处理所有的通道。对于操作系统来说,线程之间上下文切换的开销很大,而且每个线程都要占用系统的一些资源(如内存)。因此,使用的线程越少越好。

但是,需要记住,现代的操作系统和CPU在多任务方面表现的越来越好,所以多线程的开销随着时间的推移,变得越来越小了。实际上,如果一个CPU有多个内核,不使用多任务可能是在浪费CPU能力。不管怎么说,关于那种设计的讨论应该放在另一篇不同的文章中。在这里,只要知道使用Selector能够处理多个通道就足够了。


Selector 的创建

通过调用Selector.open()方法,创建Selector,代码如下:

Selector    selector = Selector.open();


向Selector 注册通道

为了将Channel 和Selector 配合使用,必须将Channel 注册到Selector 上,主要通过SelectableChannel.register()方法实现,代码如下:

serverSocketChannel.configBlocking(false);//启用通道非阻塞模式。

SelectionKey key = serverSocketChannel.register(selector,SelectionKey.OP_READ)


Selector 监听Channel 事件类型以及SelectionKey 常量表示。

Connect      :  通道触发了一个事件意思是该事件已经就绪。所以,某个channel成功连接到另一个服务器称为“连接就绪”     SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT

Accept        :  一个server socket channel准备好接收新进入的连接称为“接收就绪”。  SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT

Read          :一个有数据可读的通道可以说是“读就绪”。     SelectionKey.OP_READ

Write           :等待写数据的通道可以说是“写就绪”。            SelectionKey.OP_WRITE


注意:如果你对不止一个事件感兴趣,可以使用“位或”操作符将常量联系起来

int interestset = SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT | SelectionKey.OP_READ


SelectionKey 对象

当向selector 注册channel时,register()方法会返回一个SelectionKey 对象。这个对象包含以下几大属性。

1、interest 集合:intereset集合,是你选择感兴趣的事件集合。

2、ready集合:ready集合,是通道已经准备就绪的操作集合。

3、Channel:

4、Selector


interest集合:是你选择感兴趣的事件集合,通过SelectionKey.interesetOps()方法获取。代码如下:

1、int interestSet = selectionKey.interestOps();

2、boolean isInterestedInAccept  = (interestSet & SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT) == SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT;

3、boolean isInterestedInConnect = interestSet & SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;

4、boolean isInterestedInRead    = interestSet & SelectionKey.OP_READ;

5、boolean isInterestedInWrite   = interestSet & SelectionKey.OP_WRITE;


ready集合:通道已经准备就绪的操作的集合。通过SelectionKey.readyOps()方法获取。代码如下:

int readyset = SelectionKey.readyOps();

可以用像检测interest集合那样的方法,来检测channel中什么事件或操作已经就绪。同时,也可以使用以下四个方法,它们都会返回一个布尔类型:

1、selectionKey.isAcceptable();

2、selectionKey.isConnectable();

3、selectionKey.isReadable();

4、selectionKey.isWritable();


Channel +Selector

从SelectionKey访问Channel和Selector很简单。代码如下:

Channel channel = SelectionKey.channel();

Selector selector = SelectionKey.selector();


通过Selector选择通道

一旦向Selector注册了一或多个通道,就可以调用几个重载的select()方法。这些方法返回你所感兴趣的事件(如连接、接受、读或写)已经准备就绪的那些通道。换句话说,如果你对“读就绪”的通道感兴趣,select()方法会返回读事件已经就绪的那些通道。

int select()   : 阻塞到至少有一个通道在你注册的事件上就绪了
int select(long timeout)  :  和select()一样,除了最长会阻塞timeout毫秒(参数)。
int selectNow() : 不会阻塞,不管什么通道就绪都立刻返回(译者注:此方法执行非阻塞的选择操作。如果自从前一次选择操作后,没有通道变成可选择的,则此方法直接返回零。)

注意重点
select()方法返回的int值表示有多少通道已经就绪。亦即,自上次调用select()方法后有多少通道变成就绪状态。如果调用select()方法,因为有一个通道变成就绪状态,返回了1,若再次调用select()方法,如果另一个通道就绪了,它会再次返回1。如果对第一个就绪的channel没有做任何操作,现在就有两个就绪的通道,但在每次select()方法调用之间,只有一个通道就绪了。


SelectedKeys()

一旦调用了select()方法,并且返回值表明有一个或更多个通道就绪了,然后可以通过调用selector的selectedKeys()方法,访问“已选择键集(selected key set)”中的就绪通道。如下所示: Set   selectedKeys  =  selector. selectedKeys()


当像Selector注册Channel时,Channel.register()方法会返回一个SelectionKey 对象。这个对象代表了注册到该Selector的通道。可以通过SelectionKey的selectedKeySet()方法访问这些对象。


可以遍历这个已选择的键集合来访问就绪的通道。代码如下:

Set selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys();Iterator keyIterator = selectedKeys.iterator();while(keyIterator.hasNext()) {    SelectionKey key = keyIterator.next();    if(key.isAcceptable()) {        // a connection was accepted by a ServerSocketChannel.    } else if (key.isConnectable()) {        // a connection was established with a remote server.    } else if (key.isReadable()) {        // a channel is ready for reading    } else if (key.isWritable()) {        // a channel is ready for writing    }    keyIterator.remove();}

这个循环遍历已选择键集中的每个键,并检测各个键所对应的通道的就绪事件。

注意每次迭代末尾的keyIterator.remove()调用。Selector不会自己从已选择键集中移除SelectionKey实例。必须在处理完通道时自己移除。下次该通道变成就绪时,Selector会再次将其放入已选择键集中。

SelectionKey.channel()方法返回的通道需要转型成你要处理的类型,如ServerSocketChannel或SocketChannel等。


示例demo:实现服务端与客户端消息传递。

package com.nio.two;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;import java.nio.ByteBuffer;import java.nio.CharBuffer;import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;import java.nio.channels.Selector;import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;import java.nio.charset.Charset;import java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder;import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;import java.util.Iterator;public class TCPServer {private ByteBuffer readBuffer;    private Selector selector;        //编码器初始化    private static CharsetEncoder encoder = Charset.forName("utf-8").newEncoder();    private static CharsetDecoder decoder = Charset.forName("utf-8").newDecoder();    //初始化方法    private void init(){        readBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);        ServerSocketChannel servSocketChannel;                 try {            servSocketChannel = ServerSocketChannel.open();            servSocketChannel.configureBlocking(false);            //绑定端口            servSocketChannel.socket().bind(new InetSocketAddress(8383));             //Select 创建            selector = Selector.open();            //向Selector 注册通道(用户监控单一事件)            servSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);            //向Selector 注册通道(用户监控多个事件)//            int interestSet = SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE | SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT | SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT;//            servSocketChannel.register(selector, interestSet);//            servSocketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);        } catch (IOException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }          }    //监听器    private void listen() {        while(true){            try{                selector.select();                             Iterator ite = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();                                 while(ite.hasNext()){                    SelectionKey key = (SelectionKey) ite.next();                                      ite.remove();//确保不重复处理                                         handleKey(key);                }            }            catch(Throwable t){                t.printStackTrace();            }                                  }                  }    //处理方法    private void handleKey(SelectionKey key)            throws IOException, ClosedChannelException {        SocketChannel channel = null;                 try{            if(key.isAcceptable()){                ServerSocketChannel serverChannel = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();                channel = serverChannel.accept();//接受连接请求                channel.configureBlocking(false);                channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);            }            else if(key.isReadable()){                channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();                readBuffer.clear();                /*当客户端channel关闭后,会不断收到read事件,但没有消息,即read方法返回-1                 * 所以这时服务器端也需要关闭channel,避免无限无效的处理*/                              int count = channel.read(readBuffer);                                 if(count > 0){                    //一定需要调用flip函数,否则读取错误数据                    readBuffer.flip();                    /*使用CharBuffer配合取出正确的数据                    String question = new String(readBuffer.array());                      可能会出错,因为前面readBuffer.clear();并未真正清理数据                    只是重置缓冲区的position, limit, mark,                    而readBuffer.array()会返回整个缓冲区的内容。                    decode方法只取readBuffer的position到limit数据。                    例如,上一次读取到缓冲区的是"where", clear后position为0,limit为 1024,                    再次读取“bye"到缓冲区后,position为3,limit不变,                    flip后position为0,limit为3,前三个字符被覆盖了,但"re"还存在缓冲区中,                    所以 new String(readBuffer.array()) 返回 "byere",                    而decode(readBuffer)返回"bye"。                                */                    CharBuffer charBuffer = decoder.decode(readBuffer);                     String question = charBuffer.toString();                     System.out.println("receiver client message:"+question);                    String answer = "the message come from this server";                    channel.write(encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(answer)));                }                else{                    //这里关闭channel,因为客户端已经关闭channel或者异常了                    channel.close();                               }                                  }else if(key.isWritable()){              channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();                                       String answer = "the message2 come from this server2";                  channel.write(encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(answer)));            }else if(key.isConnectable()){             ServerSocketChannel serverChannel = (ServerSocketChannel) key.channel();                 channel = serverChannel.accept();//接受连接请求                 channel.configureBlocking(false);                 channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);            }        }        catch(Throwable t){            t.printStackTrace();            if(channel != null){                channel.close();            }        }          }public static void main(String[] args) {// TODO Auto-generated method stubTCPServer server = new TCPServer();server.init();server.listen();}}

package com.nio.two;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;import java.nio.ByteBuffer;import java.nio.CharBuffer;import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;import java.nio.channels.Selector;import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;import java.nio.charset.Charset;import java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder;import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;import java.util.Iterator;public class TCPClient {  //编码器初始化    private static CharsetEncoder encoder = Charset.forName("utf-8").newEncoder();    private static CharsetDecoder decoder = Charset.forName("utf-8").newDecoder();public static void main(String[] args) {// TODO Auto-generated method stub  SocketChannel channel = null;        Selector selector = null;        try {            channel = SocketChannel.open();            channel.configureBlocking(false);            //请求连接            channel.connect(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8383));            selector = Selector.open();            channel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);            boolean isOver = false;                         while(! isOver){                selector.select();                Iterator ite = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();                while(ite.hasNext()){                    SelectionKey key = (SelectionKey) ite.next();                    ite.remove();                                         if(key.isConnectable()){                        if(channel.isConnectionPending()){                            if(channel.finishConnect()){                                //只有当连接成功后才能注册OP_READ事件                                key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);                                                                 channel.write(encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap("Hello,Server!I come from Client")));                                                            }                            else{                                key.cancel();                            }                        }                                                                  }                    else if(key.isReadable()){                        ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);                                               channel.read(byteBuffer);                        byteBuffer.flip();                        CharBuffer charBuffer = decoder.decode(byteBuffer);                        String answer = charBuffer.toString();                         System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getId() + "---" + answer);                                                 String word = "I have receiver message come from remote server";                        if(word != null){                            channel.write(encoder.encode(CharBuffer.wrap(word)));                        }                        else{                            isOver = true;                        }                                                                }                }            }                                  } catch (IOException e) {            e.printStackTrace();        }        finally{            if(channel != null){                try {                    channel.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                                          e.printStackTrace();                }                              }                         if(selector != null){                try {                    selector.close();                } catch (IOException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }            }        }}}


小项目实战:基于java nio  实现简单聊天功能。

package com.nio.chart;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;import java.nio.ByteBuffer;import java.nio.channels.Channel;import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;import java.nio.channels.Selector;import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;import java.nio.charset.Charset;import java.util.HashSet;import java.util.Iterator;import java.util.Set;public class ChatRoomServer {private Selector selector = null;static final int port = 9999;private Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8");// 用来记录在线人数,以及昵称private static HashSet<String> users = new HashSet<String>();private static String USER_EXIST = "system message: user exist, please change a name";// 相当于自定义协议格式,与客户端协商好private static String USER_CONTENT_SPILIT = "#@#";private static boolean flag = false;public void init() throws IOException {selector = Selector.open();ServerSocketChannel server = ServerSocketChannel.open();server.bind(new InetSocketAddress(port));// 非阻塞的方式server.configureBlocking(false);// 注册到选择器上,设置为监听状态server.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);System.out.println("Server is listening now...");while (true) {int readyChannels = selector.select();if (readyChannels == 0)continue;Set selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys(); // 可以通过这个方法,知道可用通道的集合Iterator keyIterator = selectedKeys.iterator();while (keyIterator.hasNext()) {SelectionKey sk = (SelectionKey) keyIterator.next();keyIterator.remove();dealWithSelectionKey(server, sk);}}}public void dealWithSelectionKey(ServerSocketChannel server, SelectionKey sk) throws IOException {if (sk.isAcceptable()) {SocketChannel sc = server.accept();// 非阻塞模式sc.configureBlocking(false);// 注册选择器,并设置为读取模式,收到一个连接请求,然后起一个SocketChannel,并注册到selector上,之后这个连接的数据,就由这个SocketChannel处理sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);// 将此对应的channel设置为准备接受其他客户端请求sk.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);System.out.println("Server is listening from client :" + sc.getRemoteAddress());sc.write(charset.encode("Please input your name."));}// 处理来自客户端的数据读取请求if (sk.isReadable()) {// 返回该SelectionKey对应的 Channel,其中有数据需要读取SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel) sk.channel();ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);StringBuilder content = new StringBuilder();try {while (sc.read(buff) > 0) {buff.flip();content.append(charset.decode(buff));}System.out.println("Server is listening from client " + sc.getRemoteAddress() + " data rev is: " + content);// 将此对应的channel设置为准备下一次接受数据sk.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);} catch (IOException io) {sk.cancel();if (sk.channel() != null) {sk.channel().close();}}if (content.length() > 0) {String[] arrayContent = content.toString().split(USER_CONTENT_SPILIT);// 注册用户if (arrayContent != null && arrayContent.length == 1) {String name = arrayContent[0];if (users.contains(name)) {sc.write(charset.encode(USER_EXIST));} else {users.add(name);int num = OnlineNum(selector);String message = "welcome " + name + " to chat room! Online numbers:" + num;BroadCast(selector, null, message);}}// 注册完了,发送消息else if (arrayContent != null && arrayContent.length > 1) {String name = arrayContent[0];String message = content.substring(name.length() + USER_CONTENT_SPILIT.length());message = name + " say " + message;if (users.contains(name)) {// 不回发给发送此内容的客户端BroadCast(selector, sc, message);}}}}}// TODO 要是能检测下线,就不用这么统计了public static int OnlineNum(Selector selector) {int res = 0;for (SelectionKey key : selector.keys()) {Channel targetchannel = key.channel();if (targetchannel instanceof SocketChannel) {res++;}}return res;}public void BroadCast(Selector selector, SocketChannel except, String content) throws IOException {// 广播数据到所有的SocketChannel中for (SelectionKey key : selector.keys()) {Channel targetchannel = key.channel();// 如果except不为空,不回发给发送此内容的客户端if (targetchannel instanceof SocketChannel && targetchannel != except) {SocketChannel dest = (SocketChannel) targetchannel;dest.write(charset.encode(content));}}}public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {new ChatRoomServer().init();}}

package com.nio.chart;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;import java.nio.ByteBuffer;import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;import java.nio.channels.Selector;import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;import java.nio.charset.Charset;import java.util.Iterator;import java.util.Scanner;import java.util.Set;public class ChatRoomClient {    private Selector selector = null;    static final int port = 9999;    private Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8");    private SocketChannel sc = null;    private String name = "";    private static String USER_EXIST = "system message: user exist, please change a name";    private static String USER_CONTENT_SPILIT = "#@#";        public void init() throws IOException    {        selector = Selector.open();        //连接远程主机的IP和端口        sc = SocketChannel.open(new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1",port));        sc.configureBlocking(false);        sc.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);        //开辟一个新线程来读取从服务器端的数据        new Thread(new ClientThread()).start();        //在主线程中 从键盘读取数据输入到服务器端        Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);        while(scan.hasNextLine())        {            String line = scan.nextLine();            if("".equals(line)) continue; //不允许发空消息            if("".equals(name)) {                name = line;                line = name+USER_CONTENT_SPILIT;            } else {                line = name+USER_CONTENT_SPILIT+line;            }            sc.write(charset.encode(line));//sc既能写也能读,这边是写        }            }    private class ClientThread implements Runnable    {        public void run()        {            try            {                while(true) {                    int readyChannels = selector.select();                    if(readyChannels == 0) continue;                     Set selectedKeys = selector.selectedKeys();  //可以通过这个方法,知道可用通道的集合                    Iterator keyIterator = selectedKeys.iterator();                    while(keyIterator.hasNext()) {                         SelectionKey sk = (SelectionKey) keyIterator.next();                         keyIterator.remove();                         dealWithSelectionKey(sk);                    }                }            }            catch (IOException io)            {}        }        private void dealWithSelectionKey(SelectionKey sk) throws IOException {            if(sk.isReadable())            {                //使用 NIO 读取 Channel中的数据,这个和全局变量sc是一样的,因为只注册了一个SocketChannel                //sc既能写也能读,这边是读                SocketChannel sc = (SocketChannel)sk.channel();                                ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);                String content = "";                while(sc.read(buff) > 0)                {                    buff.flip();                    content += charset.decode(buff);                }                //若系统发送通知名字已经存在,则需要换个昵称                if(USER_EXIST.equals(content)) {                    name = "";                }                System.out.println(content);                sk.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);            }        }    }                public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException    {        new ChatRoomClient().init();    }}