Perl 入门 之 基础类型

#! /usr/bin/perluse warnings;use diagnostics;# 1.编译指示，给perl的一个提示，在程序开始之前的语法验证阶段会发挥作用，# 脚本语句实际执行的时候，对运行结果没有影响use utf8;require 5.22.2;#2.变量 共有三类：标量（scalar）、数组（array）、哈希（hashes）#2.1 Scalar variables$what = "your name";$n = 3;print "what is $what ?\n";print "what is ${what}s $n?\n";# others 特殊符号$alef = chr(0x05D0);$alpha = chr(hex('03B1'));$omega = chr(0x03C9);print "$alef,";print "$alpha,";print "$omega \n";#booleans perl 没有内置布尔类型。if语句中，scalar变量仅在一下情况被认为是“false”#undef#数值 0#字符串 ””#字符串 “0”my $undef = undef;print $undef,"\n";#弱类型#无法判定一个scalar包含的是一个数值还是字符串。#因为这完全是取决于 运算符的。my $str1 = "4G";my $str2 = "4H";print $str1 .  $str2,"\n"; # "4G4H"print $str1 +  $str2,"\n"; # "8" 并且抛出两个警告print $str1 eq $str2,"\n"; # "" （空字符串，也就是false）print $str1 == $str2,"\n"; # "1" 并且抛出两个警告# 经典错误print "yes" == "no"; # "1" 并且抛出两个警告，按数值方式参与运算，两边求值结果都是0# 在恰当的情况下使用正确的运算符，对于比较数值和字符串有两套不同的运算符：# 数值运算符：  <,  >, <=, >=, ==, !=, <=>, +, *# 字符串运算符：    lt, gt, le, ge, eq, ne, cmp, ., x#2.2 array variables# Array变量是包含一个scalar列表的、由从0开始的整形数为下标存取的变量。# 在Python里被称为list，而在PHP里被称为array。数组可以用一个圆括号包围的scalar列表来声明my @array = (    "print",    "these",    "string",    "out",    "for",    "me"    );for (my $var = 0; $var < 7; $var++) {    print $array[$var]," ";}print "\n";#length of arrayprint "this array has ".(scalar @array)."  elements \n";print "The last populated index is ".$#array."\n";# reverse outputfor (my $var = -1; $var >=-7; $var--) {    print $array[$var]," ";    # body...}print "\n";# 当@当做邮箱地址使用时，要注意进行转义，或者将双引号改为单引号print "Hello \$string","\n"; # "Hello $string"print 'Hello $string',"\n";  # "Hello $string"print "\@array","\n";        # "@array"print '@array',"\n";         # "@array"#hash variablesmy %architecture = (    "Tesla"   => "first  generation",    "Fermi"   => "second generation",    "Kepler"  => "third  generation",    "Maxwell" => "fourth generation",    "Pascal"  => "fifth  generation",    );print "Fermi is ".$architecture{"Fermi"}." of Nvidia GPU architecture !\n";#You can convert a hash straight to an array with twice as many entries, alternating between key and valuemy @architecture = %architecture;print "@architecture \n";#use square brackets to retrieve a value from an array, but you have to use braces to retrieve a value from a hash.my $data = "orange";my @data = ("purple");my %data = ( "0" => "blue");print $data," 1 \n";      # "orange"print $data[0]," 2 \n";   # "purple"print $data["0"]," 3 \n"; # "purple"print $data{0}," 4 \n";   # "blue"print $data{"0"}," 5 \n"; # "blue"print "hello perl !\n";#list#列表不是一个变量，只是一个暂存的值，可以被赋值到一个array或者哈市变量中。#这就是为什么array和hash的语法竟然完全一样的原因了。# => 只是 .  的伪装#列表不能嵌套，perl将其扁平化为一个 一维列表("print","these","strings","out","for","me",);("Newton"   => "Isaac","Einstein" => "Albert","Darwin"   => "Charles",);