Java 多线程并发编程之 Synchronized 关键字

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synchronized 关键字解析

同步锁依赖于对象,每个对象都有一个同步锁。

现有一成员变量 Test,当线程 A 调用 Test 的 synchronized 方法,线程 A 获得 Test 的同步锁,同时,线程 B 也去调用 Test 的 synchronized 方法,此时线程 B 无法获得 Test 的同步锁,必须等待线程 A 释放 Test 的同步锁才能获得从而执行对应方法的代码。

综上,正确使用 synchronized 关键字可确保原子性。

synchronized 关键字的特性应用

特性 1:

当线程 A 调用某对象synchronized 方法 或者 synchronized 代码块时,若同步锁未释放,其他线程调用同一对象synchronized 方法 或者 synchronized 代码块时将被阻塞,直至线程 A 释放该对象的同步锁。

DEMO1,synchronized 方法:

public class Test {    private static class Counter {        public synchronized void count() {            for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", i = " + i);            }        }    }    private static class MyThread extends Thread {        private Counter mCounter;        public MyThread(Counter counter) {            mCounter = counter;        }        @Override        public void run() {            super.run();            mCounter.count();        }    }    public static void main(String[] var0) {        Counter counter = new Counter();        // 注:myThread1 和 myThread2 是调用同一个对象 counter        MyThread myThread1 = new MyThread(counter);        MyThread myThread2 = new MyThread(counter);        myThread1.start();        myThread2.start();    }}

DEMO1 输出:

Thread-0, i = 0Thread-0, i = 1Thread-0, i = 2Thread-0, i = 3Thread-0, i = 4Thread-0, i = 5Thread-1, i = 0Thread-1, i = 1Thread-1, i = 2Thread-1, i = 3Thread-1, i = 4Thread-1, i = 5

DEMO2,synchronized 代码块:

public class Test {    private static class Counter {        public void count() {            synchronized (this) {                for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {                    System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", i = " + i);                }            }        }    }    private static class MyThread extends Thread {        private Counter mCounter;        public MyThread(Counter counter) {            mCounter = counter;        }        @Override        public void run() {            super.run();            mCounter.count();        }    }    public static void main(String[] var0) {        Counter counter = new Counter();        MyThread myThread1 = new MyThread(counter);        MyThread myThread2 = new MyThread(counter);        myThread1.start();        myThread2.start();    }}

DEMO2 输出:

Thread-0, i = 0Thread-0, i = 1Thread-0, i = 2Thread-0, i = 3Thread-0, i = 4Thread-0, i = 5Thread-1, i = 0Thread-1, i = 1Thread-1, i = 2Thread-1, i = 3Thread-1, i = 4Thread-1, i = 5

可见,当同步锁未释放时,其他线程将被阻塞,直至获得同步锁。

而且 DEMO1 和 DEMO2 的输出结果是一样的,synchronized 方法 和 synchronized 代码块的不同之处在于 synchronized 方法 作用域较大,作用于整个方法,而 synchronized 代码块 可控制具体的作用域,更精准控制提高效率。(毕竟阻塞的都是时间啊)

DEMO3,仅修改 main 方法:

    public static void main(String[] var0) {        // 注意:myThread1 和 myThread2 传入的 Counter 是两个不同的对象        MyThread myThread1 = new MyThread(new Counter());        MyThread myThread2 = new MyThread(new Counter());        myThread1.start();        myThread2.start();    }

DEMO3 输出:

Thread-0, i = 0Thread-1, i = 0Thread-0, i = 1Thread-1, i = 1Thread-1, i = 2Thread-1, i = 3Thread-0, i = 2Thread-1, i = 4Thread-0, i = 3Thread-1, i = 5Thread-0, i = 4Thread-0, i = 5

同步锁基于对象,只要锁的来源一致,即可达到同步的作用。所以,但对象不一样,则不能达到同步效果。

特性 2:

当线程 A 调用某对象synchronized 方法 或者 synchronized 代码块时,若同步锁未释放,其他线程调用同一对象其他synchronized 方法 或者 synchronized 代码块时将被阻塞,直至线程 A 释放该对象的同步锁。(注意:重点是其他

DEMO4,仅修改 doOtherThings 方法的修饰:

public class Test {    private static class Counter {        public synchronized void count() {            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " sleep");            try {                Thread.sleep(3000);            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " awake");        }        public synchronized void doOtherThings(){            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " doOtherThings");        }    }    public static void main(String[] var0) {        final Counter counter = new Counter();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                counter.count();            }        }).start();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                counter.doOtherThings();            }        }).start();    }}

DEMO4 输出:

Thread-0 sleepThread-0 awakeThread-1 doOtherThings

可见,synchronized 获得的同步锁并非仅仅锁住代码,而是锁住整个对象。

此时应提及 happens-before 原则,正因 happens-before 原则的存在才有此现象的发生。
happens-before 原则的其中一条:

管理锁定原则:一个 unLock 操作先行发生于后面对同一个锁的 lock 操作。
(此处暂不作过多解释,解释起来能再写一篇文章了)

DEMO5,仅修改 doOtherThings 方法:

        public void doOtherThings(){            synchronized (this){                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " doOtherThings");            }        }

DEMO5 输出:

Thread-0 sleepThread-0 awakeThread-1 doOtherThings

DEMO4 和 DEMO5 的输出结果竟然一致!没错,因为他们的同步锁来源一致(都是本实例自己),所以可以达到同步效果。

// 这两个 synchronized 锁的是同一个对象public synchronized void count(){};public void doOtherThings(){       synchronized (this){}}

DEMO6,去掉 doOtherThings 方法的同步关键字:

public void doOtherThings(){            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " doOtherThings");        }

DEMO6 输出:

Thread-0 sleepThread-1 doOtherThingsThread-0 awake

当线程 A 调用某对象synchronized 方法 或者 synchronized 代码块时,无论同步锁是否释放,其他线程调用同一对象其他 非 synchronized 方法 或者 非 synchronized 代码块时可立即调用。

实例锁和全局锁

以上 DEMO 实现的都是实例锁。锁住(作用域)的是具体某一对象实例。

什么是全局锁?

锁住整个 Class,而非某个对象或实例。

注:单例型的实例锁不属于全局锁。

全局锁的实现:

静态 synchronized 方法

DEMO7:

public class Test {    private static class Counter {        public static synchronized void count() {            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " sleep");            try {                Thread.sleep(3000);            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " awake");        }        public static synchronized void doOtherThings(){            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " doOtherThings");        }    }    public static void main(String[] var0) {        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                Counter.count();            }        }).start();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                Counter.doOtherThings();            }        }).start();    }}

DEMO7 输出:

Thread-0 sleepThread-0 awakeThread-1 doOtherThings

static 声明的方法为全局方法,与对象实例化无关,所以 static synchronized 方法为全局同步方法,与对象实例化无关。

synchronized 具体 Class 的代码块

DEMO8:

public class Test {    private static class Counter {        public static synchronized void count() {            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " sleep");            try {                Thread.sleep(3000);            } catch (InterruptedException e) {                e.printStackTrace();            }            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " awake");        }        public void doOtherThings(){            synchronized (Counter.class){                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " doOtherThings");            }        }    }    public static void main(String[] var0) {        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                Counter.count();            }        }).start();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                Counter counter = new Counter();                counter.doOtherThings();            }        }).start();    }}

DEMO8 输出:

Thread-0 sleepThread-0 awakeThread-1 doOtherThings

synchronized (Counter.class) 获得的同步锁是全局的,static synchronized 获得的同步锁也是全局的,同一个锁,所以达到同步效果。

区分 synchronized (this) 与 synchronized (Class.class)

DEMO9:

public class Test {    private static class Counter {        public void count() {            synchronized (this){                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " sleep");                try {                    Thread.sleep(3000);                } catch (InterruptedException e) {                    e.printStackTrace();                }                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " awake");            }        }        public void doOtherThings(){            synchronized (Counter.class){                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " doOtherThings");            }        }    }    public static void main(String[] var0) {        final Counter counter = new Counter();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                counter.count();            }        }).start();        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                counter.doOtherThings();            }        }).start();    }}

DEMO9 输出:

Thread-0 sleepThread-1 doOtherThingsThread-0 awake

synchronized (this) 获得的是具体对象实例 counter 的锁,而 synchronized (Counter.class) 获得的是全局锁,两把不同的锁,所以不能达到同步效果。