Django---URL

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- Django的URL配置
  - 1 静态路由
  - 2 动态路由
    - 位置参数
    - 关键字参数
  - 3 路由分发
  - 4 向view函数中传参
  - 5 向include中传参
  - 6 URL别名

1. Django的URL配置

1.1 静态路由

urlpatterns = [    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),    url(r'^hello/$', hello),    url(r'^time/$', current_datetime),]

像^time/$这样的url是固定了，也就是静态的，请求时只能以这种格式

1.2 动态路由

位置参数

设置位置参数

urlpatterns = [    # ...    url(r'^time/plus/(\d+)/(\d+)/$', hours_ahead),    # ...]

像^time/plus/(\d+)/$这样可以匹配以time/plus/开头后接一组数字的结尾的URL成为动态路由。
动态路由的关键是使用正则表达式，需要注意的是正则表达式必须包含在圆括号中

接收位置参数
在views中定义的函数中添加参数来获取
```
def hours_ahead(request, a1, a2):  try:      a1 = int(a1)      a2 = int(a2)  except ValueError:      raise Http404()  html = "<html><body>The first one is %s, and the second one is %s</body></html>" % (a1, a2)  return HttpResponse(html)
```
以URLhttp://127.0.0.1:8000/time/plus/22/33/为例，可以看出第一个参数a1接收URL中的22，第二个参数a2接收URL中的33。打印结果The first one is 22, and the second one is 33
如果将参数中的a1和a2的位置调换，那么a1和a2的值结汇调换。打印结果The first one is 33, and the second one is 22

关键字参数

设置关键字参数
通过?P<arg>作为正则表达式的前缀实现关键字参数设置，其中arg为参数的名称，在views中设置视图函数要使用。具体用例如下所示。
```
urlpatterns = [  ...  url(r'^time/plus/(?P<a2>\d+)/(?P<a1>\d+)/$', views.hours_ahead),...]
```
接收关键字参数
视图函数如下所示：
```
def hours_ahead(request, a1, a2):  try:      a1 = int(a1)      a2 = int(a2)  except ValueError:      raise Http404()  html = "<html><body>The first one is %s, and the second one is %s</body></html>" % (a1, a2)  return HttpResponse(html)
```
以http://127.0.0.1:8000/time/plus/22/33/为例，虽然函数参a1的位置在a2之前，但a1接收33，a2接收22，按照URL中的顺序接收。
打印结果如下所示
The first one is 33, and the second one is 22

1.3 路由分发

from django.conf.urls import include, urlfrom apps.main import views as main_viewsfrom credit import views as credit_viewsextra_patterns = [    url(r'^reports/(?P<id>[0-9]+)/$', credit_views.report),    url(r'^charge/$', credit_views.charge),]urlpatterns = [    url(r'^$', main_views.homepage),    url(r'^help/', include('apps.help.urls')), # 包含其他URL文件    url(r'^credit/', include(extra_patterns)), # 当前文件URL分组]

使用URL分组的方法使得URL更加简洁，

不分组的URL

from django.conf.urls import urlfrom . import viewsurlpatterns = [    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>\w+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/history/$',views.history),    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>\w+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/edit/$', views.edit),    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>\w+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/discuss/$', views.discuss),    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>\w+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/permissions/$',views.permissions),]

使用URL分组

from django.conf.urls import include, urlfrom . import viewsextra_patterns = [    url(r'^history/$', views.history),    url(r'^edit/$', views.edit),    url(r'^discuss/$', views.discuss),    url(r'^permissions/$', views.permissions),]urlpatterns = [    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>\w+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/', include(extra_patterns)),]

如果只分一组，为了不新命名一个组可以使用如下方式

urlpatterns = [    url(r'^(?P<page_slug>\w+)-(?P<page_id>\w+)/', include(        [            url(r'^history/$', views.history),            url(r'^edit/$', views.edit),            url(r'^discuss/$', views.discuss),            url(r'^permissions/$', views.permissions),        ]    )),]

通过分组减少了重复代码的书写，也减少了输入错误。

1.4 向view函数中传参

url中有三个参数，一般我们适用前两个，分别是匹配URL的正则表达式和与之对应的views函数，此外还有第三个参数，用来向views函数中传递参数。第三个参数的格式为字典格式，如下所示。

from django.conf.urls import urlfrom . import viewsurlpatterns = [    url(        r'^reviews/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/$',        views.year_archive,        {'foo': 'bar'}       ),]

如果发送一个/reviews/2005/ 的请求，Django会调用函数

views.year_archive(request,year='2005',foo='bar')

1.5 向include中传参

向include中传参，就是对include中包含的每一个URL传相同的参数

# main.pyfrom django.conf.urls import include, urlurlpatterns = [    url(r'^reviews/', include('inner'), {'reviewid': 3}),]# inner.pyfrom django.conf.urls import urlfrom mysite import viewsurlpatterns = [   url(r'^archive/$', views.archive),   url(r'^about/$', views.about),]

这种方式和下面的方式是等价的

# main.pyfrom django.conf.urls import include, urlfrom mysite import viewsurlpatterns = [    url(r'^reviews/', include('inner')),]# inner.pyfrom django.conf.urls import urlurlpatterns = [    url(r'^archive/$', views.archive, {'reviewid': 3}),    url(r'^about/$', views.about, {'reviewid': 3}),]

1.6 URL别名

from django.conf.urls import urlfrom . import viewsurlpatterns = [#...url(r'^reviews/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive, name='reviews-year-archive'),#...]

<a href="{% url 'reviews-year-archive' 2012 %}">2012 Archive</a>{# Or with the year in a template context variable: #}<ul>    {% for yearvar in year_list %}        <li><a href="{% url 'reviews-year-archive' yearvar %}">{{ yearvar }}Archive</a></li>    {% endfor %}</ul>

from django.core.urlresolvers import reversefrom django.http import HttpResponseRedirectdef redirect_to_year(request):    # ...    year = 2012    # ...    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('reviews-year-archive', args=(year,)))

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