Java线程:条件变量、原子量、线程池等

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一、条件变量

  条件变量实现了java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition接口,条件变量的实例化就是通过一个Lock对象上调用newCondition()方法获得的,这样条件就和一个锁绑定起来了。因此,Java中的条件变量只能和锁配合使用,来控制并发程序访问竞争资源的安全。

  条件变量的出现是为了更精细的控制线程等待与唤醒,一个锁可以有多个条件,每个条件上有多个线程等待,通过await()方法,可以让线程在该条件下等待。当调用signalAll()方法时,又可以唤醒该条件下等待的线程。条件变量比较抽象,原因是它不是自然语言中的条件概念,而是控制程序的一种手段。

  看个例子,有一个账户,多个用户(线程)在同时操作这个账户,有的存款有的取款,存款随便存,但取款有限制,不能透支,任何试图透支的操作都将等待里面有足够的存款时才执行操作。

  CaseTest.java

 1 package Thread; 2 import java.util.*; 3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 5 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; 6 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; 7 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; 8 public class CaseTest { 9     public static void main(String[] args){10         MyCount1 myCount1=new MyCount1("6516431",10000);11         ExecutorService pool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);12         Thread t1=new SaveThread("张三",myCount1,2000);13         Thread t2=new DrawThread("李四",myCount1,3600);14         Thread t3=new SaveThread("王二",myCount1,2700);15         Thread t4=new SaveThread("麻子",myCount1,600);16         Thread t5=new DrawThread("胖子",myCount1,1300);17         Thread t6=new DrawThread("小刘",myCount1,800);18         pool.execute(t1);19         pool.execute(t2);20         pool.execute(t3);21         pool.execute(t4);22         pool.execute(t5);23         pool.execute(t6);24         pool.shutdown();25     }26 }27 class SaveThread extends Thread{28     private String name;29     private MyCount1 myCount1;30     private int x;31     SaveThread(String name,MyCount1 myCount1,int x){32         this.name=name;33         this.myCount1=myCount1;34         this.x=x;35     }36     public void run(){37         myCount1.saving(x,name);38     }39 }40 class DrawThread extends Thread{41     private String name;42     private MyCount1 myCount;43     private int x;44     DrawThread(String name,MyCount1 myCount,int x){45         this.name=name;46         this.myCount=myCount;47         this.x=x;48     }49     public void run(){50         myCount.drawing(x,name);51     }52 }53 class MyCount1{54     private String oid;55     private int cash;56     private Lock lock=new ReentrantLock();57     private Condition _save=lock.newCondition();58     private Condition _draw=lock.newCondition();59     MyCount1(String oid,int cash){60         this.oid=oid;61         this.cash=cash;62     }63     public void saving(int x,String name){64         lock.lock(); //获取锁 65         if(x>0){66             cash+=x;67             System.out.println(name+"存款"+x+",当前余额为:"+cash);68         }69         _draw.signalAll(); //唤醒所有等待线程。 70         lock.unlock(); //释放锁 71     }72     public void drawing(int x,String name){73         lock.lock();74         try{75             if(cash-x<0){76                 _draw.await();//阻塞取款操作77             }else{    78                 cash-=x;79                 System.out.println(name+"取款"+x+",当前余额为:"+cash);80             }81             _save.signalAll();//唤醒所有存款操作82         }catch(InterruptedException e){83             e.printStackTrace();84         }finally{85             lock.unlock();86         }87     }88 }
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  结果为:

1 李四取款3600,当前余额为:64002 张三存款2000,当前余额为:84003 王二存款2700,当前余额为:111004 麻子存款600,当前余额为:117005 胖子取款1300,当前余额为:104006 小刘取款800,当前余额为:9600
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  如果不用条件变量和锁,如何实现此功能呢?

  CaseTest.java

 1 package Thread; 2 import java.util.*; 3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 5 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; 6 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; 7 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; 8 public class CaseTest { 9     public static void main(String[] args){10         MyCount1 myCount1=new MyCount1("6516431",10000);11         ExecutorService pool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);12         Thread t1=new SaveThread("张三",myCount1,2000);13         Thread t2=new DrawThread("李四",myCount1,3600);14         Thread t3=new SaveThread("王二",myCount1,2700);15         Thread t4=new SaveThread("麻子",myCount1,600);16         Thread t5=new DrawThread("胖子",myCount1,1300);17         Thread t6=new DrawThread("小刘",myCount1,800);18         pool.execute(t1);19         pool.execute(t2);20         pool.execute(t3);21         pool.execute(t4);22         pool.execute(t5);23         pool.execute(t6);24         pool.shutdown();25     }26 }27 class SaveThread extends Thread{28     private String name;29     private MyCount1 myCount1;30     private int x;31     SaveThread(String name,MyCount1 myCount1,int x){32         this.name=name;33         this.myCount1=myCount1;34         this.x=x;35     }36     public void run(){37         myCount1.saving(x,name);38     }39 }40 class DrawThread extends Thread{41     private String name;42     private MyCount1 myCount;43     private int x;44     DrawThread(String name,MyCount1 myCount,int x){45         this.name=name;46         this.myCount=myCount;47         this.x=x;48     }49     public void run(){50         myCount.drawing(x,name);51     }52 }53 class MyCount1{54     private String oid;55     private int cash;56     MyCount1(String oid,int cash){57         this.oid=oid;58         this.cash=cash;59     }60     public synchronized void saving(int x,String name){61         if(x>0){62             cash+=x;63             System.out.println(name+"存款"+x+",当前余额为:"+cash);64         }65             notifyAll();66         //_draw.signalAll(); //唤醒所有等待线程。 67         //lock.unlock(); //释放锁 68     }69     public synchronized void drawing(int x,String name){70         if(cash-x<0){71             try{72                 wait();73             }74             catch(InterruptedException e){75                 e.printStackTrace();76             }77         }else{    78             cash-=x;79             System.out.println(name+"取款"+x+",当前余额为:"+cash);80             }81     notifyAll();82 83     }84 }
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  第二种方式是用同步方法的第一种方法,以前说过这种方法不如第二种好,下面改进一下该同步的程序:

  CaseTest.java

 1 package Thread; 2 import java.util.*; 3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 5 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition; 6 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; 7 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; 8 public class CaseTest { 9     public static void main(String[] args){10         MyCount1 myCount1=new MyCount1("6516431",10000);11         ExecutorService pool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);12         Thread t1=new SaveThread("张三",myCount1,2000);13         Thread t2=new DrawThread("李四",myCount1,3600);14         Thread t3=new SaveThread("王二",myCount1,2700);15         Thread t4=new SaveThread("麻子",myCount1,600);16         Thread t5=new DrawThread("胖子",myCount1,1300);17         Thread t6=new DrawThread("小刘",myCount1,800);18         pool.execute(t1);19         pool.execute(t2);20         pool.execute(t3);21         pool.execute(t4);22         pool.execute(t5);23         pool.execute(t6);24         pool.shutdown();25     }26 }27 class SaveThread extends Thread{28     private String name;29     private MyCount1 myCount1;30     private int x;31     SaveThread(String name,MyCount1 myCount1,int x){32         this.name=name;33         this.myCount1=myCount1;34         this.x=x;35     }36     public void run(){37         myCount1.saving(x,name);38     }39 }40 class DrawThread extends Thread{41     private String name;42     private MyCount1 myCount;43     private int x;44     DrawThread(String name,MyCount1 myCount,int x){45         this.name=name;46         this.myCount=myCount;47         this.x=x;48     }49     public void run(){50         myCount.drawing(x,name);51     }52 }53 class MyCount1{54     private String oid;55     private int cash;56     //private Lock lock=new ReentrantLock();57     //private Condition _save=lock.newCondition();58     //private Condition _draw=lock.newCondition();59     MyCount1(String oid,int cash){60         this.oid=oid;61         this.cash=cash;62     }63     public  void saving(int x,String name){64         synchronized(this){ 65             if(x>0){66                 cash+=x;67                 System.out.println(name+"存款"+x+",当前余额为:"+cash);68             }69             notifyAll();70         }71     }72     public  void drawing(int x,String name){73         synchronized(this){74             if(cash-x<0){75                 try{76                     wait();77                 }78                 catch(InterruptedException e){79                     e.printStackTrace();80                 }81                 }else{    82                 cash-=x;83                 System.out.println(name+"取款"+x+",当前余额为:"+cash);84             }85             notifyAll();86             }87     }88 }
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二、Volatile变量

  具体的内容,详见 JAVA理论与实践:正确使用Volatile变量

三、原子量

  所谓原子量就是操作变量的操作是“原子的”,该操作不可再分,因此线程是安全的。volatile、synchronized关键字来解决并发访问的安全问题,但这样太麻烦。有一个用来进行单变量多线程并发安全访问的工具包java.util.concurrent.atmoic。

  Test.java

 1 package Thread; 2 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 3 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 4 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; 5 public class CaseTest { 6     public static void main(String[] args){ 7         ExecutorService pool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); 8         Runnable t1=new MyRunnable_2("张三",2000); 9         Runnable t2=new MyRunnable_2("李四",3600);10         Runnable t3=new MyRunnable_2("王二",2700);11         Runnable t4=new MyRunnable_2("麻子",600);12         Runnable t5=new MyRunnable_2("胖子",1300);13         Runnable t6=new MyRunnable_2("小刘",800);14         pool.execute(t1);15         pool.execute(t2);16         pool.execute(t3);17         pool.execute(t4);18         pool.execute(t5);19         pool.execute(t6);20         pool.shutdown();21     }22 }23 class MyRunnable_2 implements Runnable{24     private static AtomicLong aLong = new AtomicLong(10000);25     private String name;26     private int x;27     MyRunnable_2(String name,int x){28         this.name=name;29         this.x=x;30     }31     public void run(){32         System.out.println(name+"执行了"+x+",余额为:"+aLong.addAndGet(x));33     }34 }
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  结果为

 1 /**第一种结果**/ 2 张三执行了2000,余额为:12000 3 王二执行了2700,余额为:14700 4 麻子执行了600,余额为:15300 5 胖子执行了1300,余额为:16600 6 小刘执行了800,余额为:17400 7 李四执行了3600,余额为:21000 8  9 /**第二种结果**/10 张三执行了2000,余额为:1560011 李四执行了3600,余额为:1360012 王二执行了2700,余额为:1830013 麻子执行了600,余额为:1890014 胖子执行了1300,余额为:2020015 小刘执行了800,余额为:21000
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  这个例子是个反例,可见到虽然使用了原子量,但是并发访问还是有问题,那么问题在哪?原子量虽然可以保证单个变量在某一个操作过程安全,但无法保证整个代码块,或者说整个程序的安全。因此,通常可以使用锁等同步机制控制整个程序的安全性。

  Test.java

 1 package Thread; 2 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 3 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 4 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong; 5 import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock; 6 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; 7 public class CaseTest { 8     public static void main(String[] args){ 9         ExecutorService pool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);10         Lock lock=new ReentrantLock(false);11         Runnable t1=new MyRunnable_2("张三",2000,lock);12         Runnable t2=new MyRunnable_2("李四",3600,lock);13         Runnable t3=new MyRunnable_2("王二",2700,lock);14         Runnable t4=new MyRunnable_2("麻子",600,lock);15         Runnable t5=new MyRunnable_2("胖子",1300,lock);16         Runnable t6=new MyRunnable_2("小刘",800,lock);17         pool.execute(t1);18         pool.execute(t2);19         pool.execute(t3);20         pool.execute(t4);21         pool.execute(t5);22         pool.execute(t6);23         pool.shutdown();24     }25 }26 class MyRunnable_2 implements Runnable{27     private static AtomicLong aLong = new AtomicLong(10000);28     private String name;29     private int x;30     private Lock lock;31     MyRunnable_2(String name,int x,Lock lock){32         this.name=name;33         this.x=x;34         this.lock=lock;35     }36     public void run(){37         lock.lock();38         System.out.println(name+"执行了"+x+",余额为:"+aLong.addAndGet(x));39         lock.unlock();40     }41 }
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  结果为:

1 张三执行了2000,余额为:120002 李四执行了3600,余额为:156003 王二执行了2700,余额为:183004 胖子执行了1300,余额为:196005 麻子执行了600,余额为:202006 小刘执行了800,余额为:21000
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此时,加入了一个对象锁,来控制并发访问的控制,不管程序运行多少次,结果都是一样的。有关原子的用法仅仅保证变量操作的原子性,但是需要考虑整个过程的线程安全性。

 四、信号量

  一个信号量管理很多的许可证,为了获取信号量,线程通过调用acquire请求许可。Java信号量实际上是一个功能完毕的计数器,并由此限制了通过的线程数量,其他线程可以通过调用release释放许可。

  它对控制一定资源的消费与回收有着重要意义,信号量常常用于多线程的代码中,并能监控有多少数目的线程等待获取资源,并且通过信号量可以得知可用资源的数目等等,这里强调数目二字,并不是指有哪些在等待,哪些资源可用。例子:

  SignalTest.java

 1 package Thread; 2  3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 5 import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore; 6  7 public class SignalTest { 8     public static void main(String[] args){ 9         MyPool myPool=new MyPool(20);10         ExecutorService threadPool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);11         MyThread_signal t1=new MyThread_signal("任务A",myPool,3);12         MyThread_signal t2=new MyThread_signal("任务B",myPool,12);13         MyThread_signal t3=new MyThread_signal("任务C",myPool,7);14         threadPool.execute(t1);15         threadPool.execute(t2);16         threadPool.execute(t3);17         threadPool.shutdown();18     }19 }20 class MyPool{21     private Semaphore sp;//池相关的信号量22     MyPool(int size){this.sp=new Semaphore(size);}23     public Semaphore getSp(){return sp;}24     public void setSp(Semaphore sp){this.sp=sp;}25 }26 class MyThread_signal extends Thread{27     private String name;28     private MyPool myPool;29     private int x;30     MyThread_signal(String name,MyPool myPool,int x){31         this.name=name;32         this.myPool=myPool;33         this.x=x;34     }35     public void run(){36         try{37             myPool.getSp().acquire();38             System.out.println(name+"成功获取了"+x+"个许可!");39         }40         catch(InterruptedException e){e.printStackTrace();}41         finally{myPool.getSp().release(x);42                 System.out.println(name+"释放了"+x+"个许可!");}43     }44 }
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  结果为:

1 任务A成功获取了3个许可!2 任务A释放了3个许可!3 任务C成功获取了7个许可!4 任务C释放了7个许可!5 任务B成功获取了12个许可!6 任务B释放了12个许可!
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  信号量仅仅是对池资源进行监控,但不能 保证线程的安全,因此,应该自己控制线程的安全访问资源。

五、线程池

  线程池的思想还是一种对象池的思想,开辟一块内存空间,里面存放众多的(未死亡)的线程,池中线程执行调度由池管理器来处理。当有线程任务时,从池中取一个,执行完线程对象归池,这样可以避免反复创建线程对象带来的性能开销,节约系统资源。

   线程池分为固定尺寸的线程池、可变尺寸线程池。

1、固定大小的线程池

 1 package Thread; 2  3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 5  6 public class Test1 { 7     public static void main(String[] args){ 8         ExecutorService pool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2); 9         Thread t1=new MyThread_test();10         Thread t2=new MyThread_test();11         Thread t3=new MyThread_test();12         Thread t4=new MyThread_test();13         pool.execute(t1);14         pool.execute(t2);15         pool.execute(t3);16         pool.execute(t4);17         pool.shutdown();18     }19 }20 class MyThread_test extends Thread{21     public void run(){22         System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"正在执行。。");23     }24 }
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1 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。2 pool-1-thread-2正在执行。。3 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。4 pool-1-thread-2正在执行。。
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2、单任务线程池

   在上一例修改一行pool对象的代码为:

1 ExecutorService pool=Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
1 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。2 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。3 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。4 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。

  以上两种情况都是大小固定的,当要加入的池的线程(或任务)超过池最大尺寸的时候,则入此线程池需要排队等待。

3、可变尺寸的线程池

1 ExecutorService pool=Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。pool-1-thread-4正在执行。。pool-1-thread-3正在执行。。pool-1-thread-2正在执行。。

4、延迟线程池

 1 package Thread; 2  3 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 4 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 5 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService; 6 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; 7  8 public class Test1 { 9     public static void main(String[] args){10         //ExecutorService pool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);11         //ExecutorService pool=Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();12         //ExecutorService pool=Executors.newCachedThreadPool();13         ScheduledExecutorService pool=Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);14         Thread t1=new MyThread_test();15         Thread t2=new MyThread_test();16         Thread t3=new MyThread_test();17         Thread t4=new MyThread_test();18         Thread t5=new MyThread_test();19         Thread t6=new MyThread_test();20         pool.execute(t1);21         pool.execute(t2);22         pool.execute(t3);23         pool.execute(t4);24         pool.schedule(t5,10,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);25         pool.schedule(t6,10,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);26         pool.shutdown();27     }28 }29 class MyThread_test extends Thread{30     public void run(){31         System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"正在执行。。");32     }33 }
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1 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。2 pool-1-thread-2正在执行。。3 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。4 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。5 pool-1-thread-2正在执行。。6 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。
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5、单任务延迟线程池

  在4的代码基础上修改为:

1 ScheduledExecutorService pool=Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
1 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。2 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。3 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。4 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。5 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。6 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。
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6、自定义线程池

 1 package Thread; 2  3 import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue; 4 import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue; 5 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; 6 import java.util.concurrent.Executors; 7 import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService; 8 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor; 9 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;10 11 public class Test1 {12     public static void main(String[] args){13         //ExecutorService pool=Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);14         //ExecutorService pool=Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();15         //ExecutorService pool=Executors.newCachedThreadPool();16         //ScheduledExecutorService pool=Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);17         //ScheduledExecutorService pool=Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();18         BlockingQueue<Runnable>bqueue=new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(20);19         ThreadPoolExecutor pool=new ThreadPoolExecutor(2,3,2,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,bqueue);20         21         Thread t1=new MyThread_test();22         Thread t2=new MyThread_test();23         Thread t3=new MyThread_test();24         Thread t4=new MyThread_test();25         Thread t5=new MyThread_test();26         Thread t6=new MyThread_test();27         pool.execute(t1);28         pool.execute(t2);29         pool.execute(t3);30         pool.execute(t4);31         pool.execute(t5);32         pool.execute(t6);33     //    pool.schedule(t5,10,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);34         //pool.schedule(t6,10,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);35         pool.shutdown();36     }37 }38 class MyThread_test extends Thread{39     public void run(){40         System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"正在执行。。");41     }42 }
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1 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。2 pool-1-thread-2正在执行。。3 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。4 pool-1-thread-2正在执行。。5 pool-1-thread-1正在执行。。6 pool-1-thread-2正在执行。。
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  创建自定义线程池的构造方法很多,本例中的含义如下:

 1 public tThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,int maximumPoolSize,long keepAliveTime,TimeUnit unit,BlockingQueue<Runnable>workQueue) 2  3 参数 4     corePoolSize:池中所保存的线程数,包括空闲线程。 5     maximumPoolSize:池中允许的最大线程数。 6     keepAliveTime:当线程大于核心时,此为终止前多余的空前线程等待新任务的最长时间。 7     unit-keepAliveTime:参数的时间单位 8     workQueue:执行前用于保持任务队列,此队列仅保持有executor方法提交的Runnable任务。 9 10 抛出:11     IllegalArgumentException:如果corePoolSize或keepAliveTime小于0或者maximumPoolSize小于等于0,或者说corePoolSize大于maximumPoolSize。12     NullPointerException:如果workQueue为空

  虽然自定义线程池麻烦点,但是可以获取当前线程池的尺寸、正在执行任务的线程数、工作队列等。

六、障碍器

  当计算一个大的任务时,常常需要分配好多子任务去执行,只有当所有子任务执行完时,才能执行主任务,这时候需要借助障碍器。

 1 package Thread; 2  3 import java.util.concurrent.BrokenBarrierException; 4 import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier; 5  6 public class CarrierTest { 7     public static void main(String[] args){ 8         CyclicBarrier cb=new CyclicBarrier(6,new MainTask()); 9         new  SubTask("A",cb).start();10         new  SubTask("B",cb).start();11         new  SubTask("C",cb).start();12         new  SubTask("D",cb).start();13         new  SubTask("E",cb).start();14         new  SubTask("F",cb).start();15     }16 }17 class MainTask implements Runnable{18     public void run(){19         System.out.println(">>>>主任务执行了!<<<<");20     }21 }22 class SubTask extends Thread{23     private String name;24     private CyclicBarrier cb;25     SubTask(String name,CyclicBarrier cb){26         this.name=name;27         this.cb=cb;28     }29     public void run(){30         System.out.println("[子任务"+name+"]开始执行了!");31         //for(int i=0;i<99999;i++);//模拟耗时的任务32         System.out.println("[子任务"+name+"]开始执行完成了,并通知障碍器已经完成!");33         34         try{35             cb.await();//通知障碍器已经完成36         }37         catch(InterruptedException e){38             e.printStackTrace();39         }40         catch(BrokenBarrierException e){41             e.printStackTrace();42         }43     }44 }
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 1 [子任务C]开始执行了! 2 [子任务D]开始执行了! 3 [子任务E]开始执行了! 4 [子任务B]开始执行了! 5 [子任务A]开始执行了! 6 [子任务B]开始执行完成了,并通知障碍器已经完成! 7 [子任务E]开始执行完成了,并通知障碍器已经完成! 8 [子任务D]开始执行完成了,并通知障碍器已经完成! 9 [子任务F]开始执行了!10 [子任务C]开始执行完成了,并通知障碍器已经完成!11 [子任务F]开始执行完成了,并通知障碍器已经完成!12 [子任务A]开始执行完成了,并通知障碍器已经完成!13 >>>>主任务执行了!<<<<
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