Dollar Dayz POJ

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Farmer John goes to Dollar Days at The Cow Store and discovers an unlimited number of tools on sale. During his first visit, the tools are selling variously for $1, $2, and $3. Farmer John has exactly $5 to spend. He can buy 5 tools at $1 each or 1 tool at $3 and an additional 1 tool at $2. Of course, there are other combinations for a total of 5 different ways FJ can spend all his money on tools. Here they are:

        1 @ US$3 + 1 @ US$2        1 @ US$3 + 2 @ US$1        1 @ US$2 + 3 @ US$1        2 @ US$2 + 1 @ US$1        5 @ US$1
Write a program than will compute the number of ways FJ can spend N dollars (1 <= N <= 1000) at The Cow Store for tools on sale with a cost of $1..$K (1 <= K <= 100).
Input
A single line with two space-separated integers: N and K.
Output
A single line with a single integer that is the number of unique ways FJ can spend his money.
Sample Input
5 3
Sample Output
5

题目大意:
输入n,和k,问将n用1到k这k个数字进行拆分,有多少种拆分方法。例如:

n=5,k=3 则有n=3+2,n=3+1+1,n=2+1+1+1,n=2+2+1,n=1+1+1+1+1这5种拆分方法

解题思路:

这个题目是个比较明显的动态规划,如果想不到是背包问题,也可以写出状态转移方程如下:

用a[i][j]表示用最大值为i的值,可以组成j的数量,可以得到状态转移方程如下:

a[i][j]=a[i][j-1]+a[i-j][j-1]+a[i-2j][j-1]+a[i-3j][j-1]…+a[0][j-1]意思很明显,就将j-1状态可以到达a[i][j]的状态的数字相加。由于得到的结果可能相当大,已经超过了long long,所以应该用大数。但是若跑完所有数据,用大数会超过一秒,我们通过大数的程序可以达到,最大的数字为33位,那么,我们可以将两个long long的数字进行拼接,组成一个超过33位的数。这样增加了速度,这种比较慢的算法也可以不超时。ac的代码如下:

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#include <iostream>#include<cstdio>using namespace std;long long a[1200][200]={0},b[1200][120]={0};int main(){    int i,j,n,m,k;    long long inf,x;    inf=1;    for(i=0;i<18;i++)    {        inf=inf*10;    }    cin>>n>>m;    for(i=1;i<=n;i++)    {        b[i][1]=0;        a[i][1]=1;        for(j=2;j<=m;j++)        {            if(j>i)            {                a[i][j]=a[i][j-1];                b[i][j]=b[i][j-1];                continue;            }            a[i][j]=a[i][j-1];            b[i][j]=b[i][j-1];            for(k=1;k*j<=i;k++)            {                if(i-j*k==0)                {                    a[i][j]++;                    b[i][j]+=a[i][j]/inf;                    a[i][j]=a[i][j]%inf;                }                else {                    b[i][j]+=b[i-j*k][j-1];                    a[i][j]+=a[i-j*k][j-1];                    b[i][j]+=a[i][j]/inf;                    a[i][j]=a[i][j]%inf;                }            }        }    }    if(b[n][m]!=0)    {        cout<<b[n][m];    }    cout<<a[n][m]<<endl;    return 0;}
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其实这个题有更快的方法,看上面这个式子a[i][j]=a[i][j-1]+a[i-j][j-1]+a[i-2j][j-1]+a[i-3j][j-1]…+a[0][j-1]我们可以发现,其实可以转到a[i][j]的状态有两种,一种是a[i][j-1]就是不用j这个数字拼接i这个数字的方法数,另一种是a[i-j][j]就是用了j这个数字拼接的到i-j的方法数那么状态转移方程就可以写成a[i][j]=a[i][j-1]+a[i-j][j]不用加那么多项,就降低了一个数量级的复杂度,仍然利用上面处理大数的方法,得到的ac代码如下:

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#include <iostream>#include <cstdio>#include <cstring>using namespace std;long long a[1100][110],b[1100][110],inf;int main(){    int n,k,i,j;    for(inf=1,i=0;i<18;i++) inf*=10;    memset(a,0,sizeof(a));    memset(b,0,sizeof(b));    scanf("%d%d",&n,&k);    for(i=0;i<=k;i++) a[0][i]=1;    for(i=1;i<=k;i++){        for(j=1;j<=n;j++){            if(j-i<0){                b[j][i]=b[j][i-1];                a[j][i]=a[j][i-1];                continue;            }            b[j][i]=b[j][i-1]+b[j-i][i]+(a[j][i-1]+a[j-i][i])/inf;            a[j][i]=(a[j][i-1]+a[j-i][i])%inf;        }    }    if(b[n][k]) printf("%I64d",b[n][k]);    printf("%I64d\n",a[n][k]);    return 0;}
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