【scala 笔记(3)】 控制结构 -- 模式匹配

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scala 有一个十分强大的模式匹配机制, 可以应用在很多场合中, switch语句、 类型查询 , 以及 “析构”(获取复杂表达式中的不同部分)。 除此之外, scala 还提供了样例类, 对模式匹配进行了优化。

更好的switch

类似 C 风格的switch语法, 与default等效的是以 case _ 捕获所有情况, 若未进行 case _ 处理,在未能进行匹配到的情况下会抛出 MatchError异常。与switch不同的是你再也不用在每个分支后面添加一个break,以免掉入下一个分支

scala> val func = (x:Int, y:Int, option:Char) => {     |       option match {     |         case '+' => x+y     |         case '-' => x-y     |         case '*' => x*y     |         case '/' => x/y     |         case _ => "unknow option"     |       }     |     }func: (Int, Int, Char) => Any = $$Lambda$1075/2124448375@6401d0a0scala> func(10, 20, '+')res0: Any = 30

守卫

在一些情况下,我们可能希望match 像switch一样可以在匹配到特定的几个值的时候,处理同一个方法, 不用像在 match 中重复调用多次相同的代码等, 这时候我们可以为模式 添加一个守卫,该守卫可以处理更多的可能情况, 十分强大。

守卫可以是任意Boolean条件。

scala> val func = (x:Int) => {     |       x match {     |         case 1 =>      |           println("x = 1")     |         case 2 =>     |           println("x = 2")     |         case _ if (x>2 && x<5) =>     |           println("x range (2, 5)")     |         case _ =>     |           println("x >= 5")     |       }     |     }func: Int => Unit = $$Lambda$1095/1939970407@5e746d37scala> func(3)x range (2, 5)

模式中的变量

如果case后面跟着是一个变量名,那么匹配的表达式会赋值给那个变量。

注意: 变量模式可能会与常量表达式有冲突, 那么scala 是如何判断常量和变量呢? 默认命名规则是 变量必须是小写字母开头; 如果你有一个小写字母的常量,则需要将它包含在反引号中。

scala> val month = 10month: Int = 10scala> val func = (x:Int) => {     |       x match {     |         case 1 =>     |           println("x = 1")     |         case `month` =>     |           println("x = %d".format(month))     |         case v if (v>2 && v<5) =>     |           println("x range (2, 5)")     |         case _ =>     |           println("x >= 5")     |       }     |     }func: Int => Unit = $$Lambda$1238/1843885967@367d34c0scala> func(3)x range (2, 5)scala> func(10)x = 10scala> func(11)x >= 5

for 表达式中的模式

在for推导式中,失败的匹配将被安静的忽略

scala> val options = Map(1 -> "cpp", 2->"scala", 3-> "java", 4-> "scala")options: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> cpp, 2 -> scala, 3 -> java, 4 -> scala)scala> for ((k, "scala") <- options){     |       println("key = %d".format(k))     |     }key = 2key = 4

类型模式

在scala 中进行类型判断时, 更倾向于使用模式匹配,而不是 isInstanceOf 操作符

scala> val func = (obj:Any) => {     |       obj match {     |         case x: Int =>     |           println("Int x = %d".format(x))     |         case s: String =>     |           println("String s = %s".format(s))     |         case _ =>     |           println("unknow obj ...")     |       }     |     }func: Any => Unit = $$Lambda$1249/1483228092@17134190scala> func(10)Int x = 10scala> func("10")String s = 10

匹配数组、列表和元组

匹配符合一定条件的数组、列表或元组, 如下样例:

数组

scala> val func = (arr: Array[Int]) => {     |       arr match {     |         case Array(0, y) =>     |           println("Int y = %d".format(y))     |         case Array(x, 0) =>     |           println("Int x = %d".format(x))     |         case Array(1, _*) =>  // 匹配以1开始的数组     |           println("array (1 ...)")     |         case _ =>     |           println("other")     |       }     |     }func: Array[Int] => Unit = $$Lambda$1342/341315292@3f2a7ca0scala> func(Array(0,10))Int y = 10scala> func(Array(12,0))Int x = 12scala> func(Array(1,0,1))array (1 ...)

列表

scala> val func = (lst: List[Int]) => {     |       lst match {     |         case 0::Nil =>     |           println("list(0)")     |         case 1::y::Nil =>     |           println(y)     |         case 2::tail =>     |           println(tail)     |         case _ =>     |           println("other")     |       }     |     }func: List[Int] => Unit = $$Lambda$1390/1363130483@2a4a95c4scala> func(0::Nil)list(0)scala> func(1::3::Nil)3scala> func(2::3::4::Nil)List(3, 4)

元组

scala> (0, 1) match {     |       case (0, _) =>     |         println("0 ...")     |       case (_, 0) =>     |         println("... 0")     |       case _ =>     |         println("neither is 0")     |     }0 ...

提取器

看到上面模式对数组、列表、元组的匹配,那么它是如何进行匹配的呢? 这些功能的背后是提取器(extractor)机制 – 带有从对象中提取值的 unapply或unapplySeq方法 的对象。

  • unapply方法用于提取固定数量的对象;
// tuple2 的源码final case class Tuple2[@specialized(Int, Long, Double, Char, Boolean/*, AnyRef*/) +T1, @specialized(Int, Long, Double, Char, Boolean/*, AnyRef*/) +T2](_1: T1, _2: T2)  extends Product2[T1, T2]{  override def toString() = "(" + _1 + "," + _2 + ")"  /** Swaps the elements of this `Tuple`.   * @return a new Tuple where the first element is the second element of this Tuple and the   * second element is the first element of this Tuple.   */  def swap: Tuple2[T2,T1] = Tuple2(_2, _1)}object Product2 {  def unapply[T1, T2](x: Product2[T1, T2]): Option[Product2[T1, T2]] =    Some(x)}
  • unapplySeq方法用于提取一个序列;
// list 源码object List extends SeqFactory[List]{    ...}/** A template for companion objects of Seq and subclasses thereof. * *  @since 2.8 */abstract class SeqFactory[CC[X] <: Seq[X] with GenericTraversableTemplate[X, CC]]extends GenSeqFactory[CC] with TraversableFactory[CC] {  /** This method is called in a pattern match { case Seq(...) => }.   *   *  @param x the selector value   *  @return  sequence wrapped in an option, if this is a Seq, otherwise none   */  def unapplySeq[A](x: CC[A]): Some[CC[A]] = Some(x)}

自定义一个Postion实现提取函数:

class Position(val x:Int , val y: Int){}object Position{  def apply(x: Int, y: Int): Position = new Position(x, y)  // unapply 和 apply 恰恰相反 unapply接受参数是 Position对象, apply 接受的是初始化成员变量  def unapply(arg: Position): Option[(Int, Int)] = Some((arg.x,arg.y))}object Test {  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {    val A = Position(10, 20)    A match {      case Position(x, y) =>        println("x = %s, y = %s ".format(x,y))      case _ =>        println("can't match! ")    }  }}// output: x = 10, y =20

正则表达式是另一个使用提取器的场景, 例如:

scala> val ipMatch = "([0-9]+).([0-9]+).([0-9]+).([0-9]+)".ripMatch: scala.util.matching.Regex = ([0-9]+).([0-9]+).([0-9]+).([0-9]+)scala> scala> "192.186.1.10" match {     |   case ipMatch(v1, v2, v3, v4) =>     |     println("%s:%s:%s:%s".format(v1, v2, v3, v4))     |   case _ =>     |     println("不能识别 ip 地址")     | }192:186:1:10

Regix 源码中定义的 unapplySeq

  /** Tries to match a [[java.lang.CharSequence]].   *   *  If the match succeeds, the result is a list of the matching   *  groups (or a `null` element if a group did not match any input).   *  If the pattern specifies no groups, then the result will be an empty list   *  on a successful match.   *   *  This method attempts to match the entire input by default; to find the next   *  matching subsequence, use an unanchored `Regex`.   *   *  For example:   *   *  {{{   *  val p1 = "ab*c".r   *  val p1Matches = "abbbc" match {   *    case p1() => true               // no groups   *    case _    => false   *  }   *  val p2 = "a(b*)c".r   *  val p2Matches = "abbbc" match {   *    case p2(_*) => true             // any groups   *    case _      => false   *  }   *  val numberOfB = "abbbc" match {   *    case p2(b) => Some(b.length)    // one group   *    case _     => None   *  }   *  val p3 = "b*".r.unanchored   *  val p3Matches = "abbbc" match {   *    case p3() => true               // find the b's   *    case _    => false   *  }   *  val p4 = "a(b*)(c+)".r   *  val p4Matches = "abbbcc" match {   *    case p4(_*) => true             // multiple groups   *    case _      => false   *  }   *  val allGroups = "abbbcc" match {   *    case p4(all @ _*) => all mkString "/" // "bbb/cc"   *    case _            => ""   *  }   *  val cGroup = "abbbcc" match {   *    case p4(_, c) => c   *    case _        => ""   *  }   *  }}}   *   *  @param  s     The string to match   *  @return       The matches   */  def unapplySeq(s: CharSequence): Option[List[String]] = s match {    case null => None    case _    =>      val m = pattern matcher s      if (runMatcher(m)) Some((1 to m.groupCount).toList map m.group)      else None  }

模拟枚举

注意: 超类被声明为 sealed, 让编译器可以帮我们检查match 语法的完整性。 枚举实现主要依赖样例类

scala> sealed abstract class Colordefined class Colorscala> case object Red extends Colordefined object Redscala> case object Green extends Colordefined object Greenscala> case object Yellow extends Colordefined object Yellowscala> val color:Color = Greencolor: Color = Greenscala> color match {     |   case Red =>     |     println("红色")     |   case Green =>     |     println("蓝色")     |   case Yellow =>     |     println("黄色")     |   case _ =>     |     println("other")     | }蓝色

Option 类型

scala 标准库中的 Option类型用样例类来表示那种可能存在、也可能不存在的值。 它有两种表达形式:
- Some(x) 的形式, 其中x 为实际值;
- None 对象, 代表缺失的值;

例如: Scala的 Map 的get 方法会在查找到key 的情况下返回 Some(value), 在没有找到key的时候返回None。

scala> val options = Map(1 -> "cpp", 2->"scala", 3-> "java")options: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int,String] = Map(1 -> cpp, 2 -> scala, 3 -> java)scala> val func = (key :Int) => {     |   options.get(key) match {     |     case Some(v) =>     |       println("value = " + v)     |     case _ =>     |       println("key not exist")     |   }     | }func: Int => Unit = $$Lambda$1349/71599579@1f6f0fe2scala> func(3)value = javascala> func(12)key not exist
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