Android 异步消息机制 Handler Message Looper机制详解

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1.前言

Handler Message是android中比较常用的异步消息机制,通常我们对UI更新,对异步操作运算,很多时候都采用Handler来实现,现在我们探讨一下Handler,Message以及Looper的消息机制。

2.一般使用方法

通常我们使用Handler的一般流程是:
创建Handler对象,并在handleMessage实现消息接受的具体实现;

private final static int MSG_UPDATE = 0x01;    Handler mHandler = new Handler() {        @Override        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {            switch (msg.what) {                case MSG_UPDATE:                    //处理逻辑                    break;            }        }    };

创建Message对象,并设置Message属性;

Message msg = Message.obtain();msg.what = MSG_UPDATE;

通过Handler的sendMessage方法发送消息对象。

mHandler.sendMessage(msg);

通过在Activity或者其他类里面创建一个Handler对象后,通过在不同时刻不同需求,通过发消息的形式,对界面进行更新或实现其他的业务逻辑。那Android Framework给开发者提供的这种简单便利的Handler消息异步机制是怎么实现的呢?

3.源码分析

3.1 Handler 部分

在创建Handler对象时候,到底经历了一个什么过程呢?
我们结合android-26源码进行源码分析。
首先,通过代码跟踪,实例化Handler时候,实际上是调用了

public Handler() {        this(null, false);}

然后实质上是调用了

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +                    klass.getCanonicalName());            }        }        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();        if (mLooper == null) {            throw new RuntimeException(                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");        }        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;        mCallback = callback;        mAsynchronous = async;}

  这里我们也看一下myLooper方法

public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {        return sThreadLocal.get();    }

  从上面的源码可以看出,我们在实例化Handler时候,实际上是从sThreadLocal对象中取出Looper。如果sThreadLocal中有Looper存在就返回Looper;若Looper为空,直接抛出Can’t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()的异常。
  那为什么我们在创建时候没有报异常,而可以取到Looper对象呢?这是应为我们的Activity里面已经调用了Looper.prepareMainLooper();我们可以通过查看ActivityThread的源码的main入口来看,

public final class ActivityThread {    private Activity performLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) {            if (activity != null) {                activity.attach(appContext, this, ..., );   public static void main(String[] args) {        // 在这儿调用 Looper.prepareMainLooper, 为应用的主线程创建Looper        Looper.prepareMainLooper();        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {           sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();        }       Looper.loop();    }} 

这里的ActivityThread.main方法也是我们通常说的android应用程序的入口。而Activity的生命周期的开始是在
ActivityThread .attach(false)后开始的,所以我们在Activity里面创建Handler实例时候,就已经有了一个Looper,而且是主线程Looper。通过源码我们可以很清楚看出。

/**     * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an     * application's main looper. The main looper for your application     * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need     * to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()}     */    public static void prepareMainLooper() {        prepare(false);        synchronized (Looper.class) {            if (sMainLooper != null) {                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");            }            sMainLooper = myLooper();        }  }

这里ActivityThread.main()中调用 Looper.prepareMainLooper, 为应用的主线程创建Looper。
到这里Handler的主要源码就到此为止,后面有些注意点要补充的。

3.2 Message 部分

Message源码部分比较简单,Message类实现了Parcelable接口,可以理解为比较普通的实体类。
主要属性有:

public final class Message implements Parcelable {    public int what;    public int arg1;    public int arg2;  public Object obj;  ...  long when;  Bundle data;  Handler target;  Runnable callback;  Message next;}

Message类本身没有什么多大探究的,现在我们关系的是Message是怎么发送出去的?
那么我们现在要看看Handler的sendMessage方法了。这里又要到Handler源码里面取查看相关的方法实现。重点是消息的发送的实现。

public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg){    return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);}

接着查看sendMessageDelayed

public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis){        if (delayMillis < 0) {            delayMillis = 0;        }        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);}

接着sendMessageAtTime

public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;        if (queue == null) {            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);            return false;        }        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);}

从这里看出,获取到当前消息队列queue,然后将msg消息加入到消息队列queue,这里的消息队列其实就是一个单向链表。我们看看enqueueMessage方法

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {        msg.target = this;        if (mAsynchronous) {            msg.setAsynchronous(true);        }        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);}

这里我们可以清楚看出msg.target就是Handler对象。
此时再看MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {        if (msg.target == null) {            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");        }        if (msg.isInUse()) {            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");        }        synchronized (this) {            if (mQuitting) {                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);                msg.recycle();                return false;            }            msg.markInUse();            msg.when = when;            Message p = mMessages;            boolean needWake;            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.                msg.next = p;                mMessages = msg;                needWake = mBlocked;            } else {                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();                Message prev;                for (;;) {                    prev = p;                    p = p.next;                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {                        break;                    }                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {                        needWake = false;                    }                }                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next                prev.next = msg;            }            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.            if (needWake) {                nativeWake(mPtr);            }        }        return true;    }

  消息Message通过调用enqueueMessage方法进行入队加入MessageQueue并且将所有的消息按时间来进行排序。
消息的加入算是明白了,但是消息的是怎么取出来,然后进行处理的呢?接下来一起看Looper源码。

3.3 Looper 部分

在上一节分析ActivityThread源码时,我们很清楚发现,main方法里面不仅调用了 Looper.prepareMainLooper,而且也调用了Looper.loop方法。查看Loop方法

public static void loop() {        final Looper me = myLooper();        if (me == null) {            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");        }        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();        for (;;) {            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block            if (msg == null) {                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.                return;            }            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;            if (logging != null) {                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);            }            final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));            }            final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();            final long end;            try {                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);                end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();            } finally {                if (traceTag != 0) {                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);                }            }            if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {                final long time = end - start;                if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {                    Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "                            + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +                            msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);                }            }            if (logging != null) {                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);            }            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();            if (ident != newIdent) {                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);            }            msg.recycleUnchecked();        }    }

首先我们通过myLoop获取到当前loop,然后从中拿到MessageQueue实体对象,然后通过for (;;) 循环语句一直循环queue.next()获取下一个Message,若MessageQueue为空,则队列阻塞。
通MessageQueue中拿到Message对象后,通调用 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)进行消息分发处理。这里的msg.target就是Handler本身,前面已经讲过了。

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {        if (msg.callback != null) {            handleCallback(msg);        } else {            if (mCallback != null) {                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {                    return;                }            }            handleMessage(msg);        }}

  当msg.callback != null是执行handleCallback;当callback 为空,调用Handler的handleMessage()方法。这也是在实例化Handler里面的回调处理handleMessage方法。至此,整个Handler、Message、Looper源码已经讲完了,下一节我们要进行一些补充和归纳。

4.补充与疑问

4.1 Handler.post方法不一定都主线程运行,但是能更新UI

  首先我们查看post方法的具体实现

/**     * Causes the Runnable r to be added to the message queue.     * The runnable will be run on the thread to which this handler is      * attached.      *       * @param r The Runnable that will be executed.     *      * @return Returns true if the Runnable was successfully placed in to the      *         message queue.  Returns false on failure, usually because the     *         looper processing the message queue is exiting.     */    public final boolean post(Runnable r)    {       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);    }

  通过源码的注释可以看出,在调用post方法时候,创建的Runnable实例是在所属的Handler对象线程里面运行的。如果Handler不是主线程,那么post后的runnable对象也不在主线程里面运行。
例如,我们可以这样做个实验

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {    private final static String TAG = MainActivity.class.getSimpleName();    HandlerThread mHandlerThread = new HandlerThread("MyThread");    Handler mHandler;    @Override    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);        mHandlerThread.start();        mHandler = new Handler(mHandlerThread.getLooper());        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();        Log.d(TAG, "Main ThreadName:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "  ThreadId:" + id);        new Thread(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                mHandler.post(new Runnable() {                    @Override                    public void run() {                        long id = Thread.currentThread().getId();                        Log.d(TAG, "Thread ThreadName:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "  ThreadId:" + id);                        Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "nihao", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();                    }                });            }        }).start();    }}

打印结果是:
这里写图片描述
我们可以很清楚看出,运行在post里面的线程的ThreadId并不是主线程Id=1,也就是说,此时的post运行不在主线程里面。但是Toast能正常显示提示,没有报异常。
那为什么我们经常在Activity里面取调用post更新UI不报错了?
这跟我们在子线程中更新UI的方法一样了,如下面我们常在子线程中更新UI的代码

new Thread(new Runnable() {      @Override      public void run() {           Looper.prepare();           Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "nihao", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();           Looper.loop();       }}).start();

4.2 ThreadLocal

  在一个android应用中编程,我们通常需要很多handler消息机制来实现各种功能,但是我们怎样保证handler对应的looper的唯一和handler消息的多线程问题了,这里就引出了ThreadLocal。
  ThreadLocal使用场合主要解决多线程中数据因并发产生不一致的问题。ThreadLocal以空间换时间,为每个线程的中并发访问的数据提供一个副本,通过访问副本来运行业务,这样的结果是耗费了内存,但大大减少了线程同步所带来的线程消耗,也减少了线程并发控制的复杂度。
  那么我们切换到Looper源码,很容易看到

static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();

实际上,我们每个线程的Looper都存放到ThreadLocal里面,可以把ThreadLocal看做是一个容器,容器里面存放着属于当前线程的变量。此时这里是存放当前线程的Looper变量。通过ThreadLocal,每个线程的Looper相互不影响而分别工作的。
关于ThreadLocal的详细,可以参考:http://blog.csdn.net/lufeng20/article/details/24314381

5.总结

看完了Handler、Message、Looper的分析后,我们总结一下三者的工作流程:
这里写图片描述
如图(ps:网上盗用图片),当我们创建好Handler后,通过Handler.sendMessage方法发送消息,此时将消息加载到MessageQueue,每次将新消息加入消息队列时候,消息队列根据时间进行排序,然后通过调用Looper.loop,里面for循环一直轮训消息队列的消息,如果没有消息,循环阻塞;如果有消息,取出消息后,进行dispatchMessage处理,调用Handler里面的runnable或者handleMessage方法进行UI或者逻辑处理,到达异步消息处理机制。。。

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