《Spring Boot in Action》【4. 测试】

4. 测试

4.1 集成测试

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)@ContextConfiguration(classes = AddressBookConfiguration.class)public class AddressServiceTests {  @Autowired  private AddressService addressService;  @Test  public void testService() {    Address address = addressService.findByLastName("Sheman");    assertEquals("P", address.getFirstName());    // ...  }}

SpringJUnit4ClassRunner类用来启用Spring集成测试，它是一个加载Spring应用上下文和在测试类中启用自动注入的JUnit类运行器（从Spring 4.2起，你也可以使用SpringClassRule和SpringMethodRule这种基于规则的替换方案），@ContextConfiguration指定了如何加载Spring应用上下文。

不过Spring Boot应用是由SpringApplication加载的（或SpringBootServletInitializer），它不仅加载应用上下文，还启用日志，加载外部配置文件等Spring Boot特性，但是如果使用@ContextConfiguration，这些特性是没有的，所以一般是使用Spring Boot的@SpringApplicationConfiguration来替换@ContextConfiguration，它会像SpringApplication那样。

4.2 测试Web应用

测试Web应用，有两个选择：

1. Spring Mock MVC——模拟一个Servlet容器来测试Controller
2. Web集成测试——在内置Servlet容器（Tomcat或Jetty）中启动应用来测试

Spring Mock MVC

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = ReadingListApplication.class)@WebAppConfigurationpublic class MockMvcWebTests {  @Autowired  private WebApplicationContext webContext;  private MockMvc mockMvc;  @Before  public void setupMockMvc() {    mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders        .webAppContextSetup(webContext)        .build();  }}

测试HTTP GET请求

@Testpublic void homePage() throws Exception {  mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/readingList"))      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk())          .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.view().name("readingList"))      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attributeExists("books"))      .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.model().attribute("books", Matchers.is(Matchers.empty())));}

加入静态引入，可以更简洁：

import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders.*;import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.*;@Testpublic void homePage() throws Exception {  mockMvc.perform(get("/readingList"))      .andExpect(status().isOk())      .andExpect(view().name("readingList"))      .andExpect(model().attributeExists("books"))      .andExpect(model().attribute("books", is(empty())));}

测试HTTP POST请求，添加一本书：

@Testpublic void postBook() throws Exception {  mockMvc.perform(post("/readingList")      .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED)      .param("title", "BOOK TITLE")      .param("author", "BOOK AUTHOR")      .param("isbn", "1234567890")      .param("description", "DESCRIPTION"))      .andExpect(status().is3xxRedirection())      .andExpect(header().string("Location", "/readingList"));  Book expectedBook = new Book();  expectedBook.setId(1L);  expectedBook.setReader("craig");  expectedBook.setTitle("BOOK TITLE");  expectedBook.setAuthor("BOOK AUTHOR");  expectedBook.setIsbn("1234567890");  expectedBook.setDescription("DESCRIPTION");  mockMvc.perform(get("/readingList"))      .andExpect(status().isOk())      .andExpect(view().name("readingList"))      .andExpect(model().attributeExists("books"))      .andExpect(model().attribute("books", hasSize(1)))      .andExpect(model().attribute("books", contains(samePropertyValuesAs(expectedBook))));}

测试安全性：

引入包：

testCompile("org.springframework.security:spring-security-test")

然后加一行：

@Beforepublic void setupMockMvc() {  mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders      .webAppContextSetup(webContext)      .apply(springSecurity())      .build();}

springSecurity()是SecurityMockMvcConfigurers的一个静态方法，它会遵照你的安全配置。

@Testpublic void homePage_unauthenticatedUser() throws Exception {  mockMvc.perform(get("/"))      .andExpect(status().is3xxRedirection())      .andExpect(header().string("Location", "http://localhost/login"));}

如何测试一个通过认证的请求？Spring Security提供两个注解：

• @WithMockUser——加载一个UserDetails，使用指定的用户名、密码和权限
• @WithUserDetails——根据指定的用户名查找一个UserDetails对象并加载

@Test@WithMockUser(username="craig", password="password", roles="READER")public void homePage_authenticatedUser() throws Exception {   ...}

@WithUserDetails注解使用配置好的UserDetailsService来加载UserDetails对象：

@Test@WithUserDetails("craig")public void homePage_authenticatedUser() throws Exception {  Reader expectedReader = new Reader();  expectedReader.setUsername("craig");  expectedReader.setPassword("password");  expectedReader.setFullname("Craig Walls");  mockMvc.perform(get("/"))      .andExpect(status().isOk())      .andExpect(view().name("readingList"))      .andExpect(model().attribute("reader", samePropertyValuesAs(expectedReader)))      .andExpect(model().attribute("books", hasSize(0)))}

测试运行中的应用

Spring Boot’s @WebIntegrationTest注解，不仅可以创建一个应用上下文，还可以启动内置Servlet容器。

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = ReadingListApplication.class)@WebIntegrationTestpublic class SimpleWebTest {  @Test(expected = HttpClientErrorException.class)  public void pageNotFound() {    try {      RestTemplate rest = new RestTemplate();      rest.getForObject("http://localhost:8080/bogusPage", String.class);      fail("Should result in HTTP 404");    } catch (HttpClientErrorException e) {      assertEquals(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, e.getStatusCode());      throw e;    }  }}

默认启动8080端口，你可以设置如下之一来选择随机端口：

@WebIntegrationTest(value={"server.port=0"})@WebIntegrationTest("server.port=0")@WebIntegrationTest(randomPort=true)

现在端口是随机了，但是如何获取这个端口呢？你可以注入进来：

@Value("${local.server.port}")private int port;rest.getForObject("http://localhost:{port}/bogusPage", String.class, port);

使用Selenium测试HTML页面

Selenium启用浏览器来测试，就像手工测试一样，不过它可以自动化和重复执行，首先添加包：

testCompile("org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-java:2.45.0")

测试样例：

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes=ReadingListApplication.class)@WebIntegrationTest(randomPort=true)public class ServerWebTests {  private static FirefoxDriver browser;  @Value("${local.server.port}")  private int port;  @BeforeClass  public static void openBrowser() {    browser = new FirefoxDriver();    browser.manage().timeouts()        .implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);  }  @AfterClass  public static void closeBrowser() {    browser.quit();  }  @Test  public void addBookToEmptyList() {    String baseUrl = "http://localhost:" + port;    browser.get(baseUrl);    assertEquals("You have no books in your book list", browser.findElementByTagName("div").getText());    browser.findElementByName("title").sendKeys("BOOK TITLE");    browser.findElementByName("author").sendKeys("BOOK AUTHOR");    browser.findElementByName("isbn").sendKeys("1234567890");    browser.findElementByName("description").sendKeys("DESCRIPTION");    browser.findElementByTagName("form").submit();    WebElement dl = browser.findElementByCssSelector("dt.bookHeadline");    assertEquals("BOOK TITLE by BOOK AUTHOR (ISBN: 1234567890)", dl.getText());    WebElement dt = browser.findElementByCssSelector("dd.bookDescription");    assertEquals("DESCRIPTION", dt.getText());  }}