Python GUI Cookbook —— 布局管理

原文链接：Python GUI Cookbook —— 布局管理

在标签框架中排列多个标签

LabelFrame 可以让我们有组织的的设计 GUI。

[...]# Create a container to hold labelsbuttons_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(window, text=' Label in a Frame')buttons_frame.grid(column=0, row=7)# buttons_frame.grid(column=1, row=6)# Place labels into the container elementttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label1').grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=tk.W)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=1, row=0, sticky=tk.W)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=2, row=0, sticky=tk.W)name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry# Start GUIwindow.mainloop()

也可以垂直摆放

# Create a container to hold labelsbuttons_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(window, text=' Label in a Frame')buttons_frame.grid(column=0, row=7)# buttons_frame.grid(column=1, row=6)# Place labels into the container elementttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label1').grid(column=0, row=0, sticky=tk.W)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=0, row=1, sticky=tk.W)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=0, row=2, sticky=tk.W)name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry# Start GUIwindow.mainloop()

使用填充增加 widget 周围的空间

tkinter 因 GUI 丑陋而闻名，然而这种情况在版本号 8.5 后发生了巨大的变化。Python 3.6 带有 tkinter 8.6。

给之前的代码添加 padx 和 pady。

[...]buttons_frame.grid(column=0, row=7, padx=20, pady=40)[...]

给 LabelFrame 包含的标签添加一些空间

[...]ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=0, row=1)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=0, row=2)for child in buttons_frame.winfo_children():    child.grid_configure(padx=8, pady=4)name_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry# Start GUIwindow.mainloop()

• grid_configure() 可以让我们能够在主循环显示 UI 之前修改它们。所以不必在首次创建 widget 时硬编码这些值。
• winfo_children() 返回 buttons_frame 的子 widgets。

还不知道 labels 右边的空间的大小

[...]# Place labels into the container elementttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label1 -- sooooooo much looooooooonger...').grid(column=0, row=0)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=0, row=1)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=0, row=2)[...]

可以移除 LabelFrme 的名字。看看 padx 的效果

[...]buttons_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(window, text='')[...]

widgets 动态扩展 GUI

• 你可能已经看到了 widget 能够自动扩展所需空间以便直观地显示文本。

• 对于网格管理器，其列的宽度取决于该列中最长的名字或 widget。

• 由于显示 LaqbelFrame 标题的文本属性比上面的 Enter a name: label 和 textbox entry 都长，所以这两个 widget 都依据新宽度，动态地中心对齐到 column 0。

• column 0 的 Checkbutton 和 Radiobutton 没有中心对齐，因为使用了 sticky=tk.W 属性。

通过在框架中放入框架来组织 GUI widgets

这里我们将创建一个顶层框架来包含其他 widget

添加下面的代码到我们的 Python 模块

#!/usr/bin/env python3import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import ttkfrom tkinter import scrolledtext# Create instancewindow = tk.Tk()# Add a titlewindow.title("My First Python GUI")# We are creating a container frame to hold all other widgetsmighty = ttk.LabelFrame(window, text=' Mighty Python ')mighty.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=8, pady=4)[...]

接下来将 mighty 作为父 widget，替换 window。如下所示：

[...]# Modify adding a Label using mighty as the parent instead of windowa_label = ttk.Label(mighty, text = 'Enter a number:')a_label.grid(column=0, row=0)[...]

创建菜单栏

首先需要从 tkinter 中导入 Menu 类

#!/usr/bin/env python3import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import ttkfrom tkinter import scrolledtextfrom tkinter import Menu# Create instancewindow = tk.Tk()[...]

添加菜单项

[...]# Creating a Menu Barmenu_bar = Menu(window)window.config(menu=menu_bar)# Creating menu and add menu itemsfile_menu = Menu(menu_bar) # create File menufile_menu.add_command(label='New') # add file menu itemmenu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu) # add File menu to menu barname_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry# Start GUIwindow.mainloop()

如果你对这段代码有一点困惑的话，请不要担心，这仅仅是 tkinter 创建 menubar 的语法，并不很 Pythonic。

添加第二个菜单项

[...]# Creating a Menu Barmenu_bar = Menu(window)window.config(menu=menu_bar)# Creating menu and add menu itemsfile_menu = Menu(menu_bar) # create File menufile_menu.add_command(label='New') # add file menu itemfile_menu.add_command(label='Exit')menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu) # add File menu to menu barname_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry# Start GUIwindow.mainloop()

在两个菜单项中间添加分隔线

• 通过传 tearoff 属性到菜单的构造器，移除第一个 dashed line
• 通过下面代码添加分隔线

[...]# Creating menu and add menu itemsfile_menu = Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0) # create File menufile_menu.add_command(label='New') # add file menu itemfile_menu.add_separator()file_menu.add_command(label='Exit')menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu) # add File menu to menu barname_entered.focus() # Place cursor into name Entry# Start GUIwindow.mainloop()

接下来添加水平的第二个菜单

[...]# Adding another Menu to the Menu Bar and an itemhelp_menu = Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0)help_menu.add_command(label='About')menu_bar.add_cascade(label='Help', menu=help_menu)[...]

现在，我们的菜单项点击过后还没有反应，因此我们需要添加一些 commands 到菜单项

[...]# Exit GUI cleanlydef _quit():    window.quit()    window.destroy()    exit()# Creating a Menu Barmenu_bar = Menu(window)window.config(menu=menu_bar)# Creating menu and add menu itemsfile_menu = Menu(menu_bar, tearoff=0) # create File menufile_menu.add_command(label='New') # add file menu itemfile_menu.add_separator()file_menu.add_command(label='Exit', command=_quit)menu_bar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=file_menu) # add File menu to menu bar[...]

现在当我们点击 Exit，程序就会立刻退出。

创建选项卡式 widgets

创建一个新的 Python 模块

#!/usr/bin/env python3import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import ttkwindow = tk.Tk() # Create instancewindow.title('Python GUI') # Add a titletabControl = ttk.Notebook(window) # Create Tab Controltab1 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create a TabtabControl.add(tab1, text='Tab 1') # Add the TabtabControl.pack(expand=1, fill='both') # Pack to make visiblewindow.mainloop()

添加第二个 Tab

#!/usr/bin/env python3import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import ttkwindow = tk.Tk() # Create instancewindow.title('Python GUI') # Add a titletabControl = ttk.Notebook(window) # Create Tab Controltab1 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create a TabtabControl.add(tab1, text='Tab 1') # Add the Tabtab2 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create second TabtabControl.add(tab2, text='Tab 2') # Add second TabtabControl.pack(expand=1, fill='both') # Pack to make visiblewindow.mainloop()

在 Tab 1 中写一些内容

#!/usr/bin/env python3import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import ttkwindow = tk.Tk() # Create instancewindow.title('Python GUI') # Add a titletabControl = ttk.Notebook(window) # Create Tab Controltab1 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create a TabtabControl.add(tab1, text='Tab 1') # Add the Tabtab2 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create second TabtabControl.add(tab2, text='Tab 2') # Add second TabtabControl.pack(expand=1, fill='both') # Pack to make visible# LabelFrame using tab1 as the parentmighty = ttk.LabelFrame(tab1, text=' Mighty Python ')mighty.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=8, pady=4)# Label using mighty as the parenta_label = ttk.Label(mighty, text=' Enter a number: ')a_label.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='W')window.mainloop()

再加一些内容，好看清标题

#!/usr/bin/env python3import tkinter as tkfrom tkinter import ttkfrom tkinter import scrolledtextwindow = tk.Tk() # Create instancewindow.title('Python GUI') # Add a titletabControl = ttk.Notebook(window) # Create Tab Controltab1 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create a TabtabControl.add(tab1, text='Tab 1') # Add the Tabtab2 = ttk.Frame(tabControl) # Create second TabtabControl.add(tab2, text='Tab 2') # Add second TabtabControl.pack(expand=1, fill='both') # Pack to make visible# LabelFrame using tab1 as the parentmighty = ttk.LabelFrame(tab1, text=' Mighty Python ')mighty.grid(column=0, row=0, padx=8, pady=4)# Label using mighty as the parenta_label = ttk.Label(mighty, text=' Enter a number: ')a_label.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='W')# Modified Button click Event Functiondef click_me():    action.configure(text='Hello ' + name.get() + ' ' + number_chosen.get())# Adding a Textbox Entry widgetname = tk.StringVar()name_entered = ttk.Entry(mighty, width=12, textvariable=name)name_entered.grid(column=0, row=1, sticky='W') # column 0# Adding a Buttonaction = ttk.Button(mighty, text="Click Me!", command=click_me)   action.grid(column=2, row=1, sticky='W') # change column to 2ttk.Label(mighty, text='Choose a number:').grid(column=1, row=0, sticky='W')number = tk.StringVar()number_chosen = ttk.Combobox(mighty, width=12, textvariable=number, state='readonly')number_chosen['values'] = (1, 2, 4, 42, 100)number_chosen.grid(column=1, row=1, sticky='W') # Combobox in column 1number_chosen.current(4)# Using a scrlled text controlscrol_w = 30scrol_h = 3scr = scrolledtext.ScrolledText(mighty, width=scrol_w, height=scrol_h, wrap=tk.WORD)scr.grid(column=0, sticky='WE', columnspan=3)window.mainloop()

给 Tab 2 也加上内容

[...]# Creating three checkbuttonschVarDis = tk.IntVar()check1 = tk.Checkbutton(snake, text='Disabled', variable=chVarDis, state='disabled')check1.select()check1.grid(column=0, row=0, sticky='W')chVarUn = tk.IntVar()check2 = tk.Checkbutton(snake, text='UnChecked', variable=chVarUn)check2.deselect()check2.grid(column=1, row=0, sticky='W')chVarEn = tk.IntVar()check3 = tk.Checkbutton(snake, text='Enabled', variable=chVarEn)check3.deselect()check3.grid(column=2, row=0, sticky='W')# GUI callback functiondef checkCallback(*ignoredArgs):    if chVarUn.get():        check3.configure(state='disabled')    else:        check3.configure(state='normal')    if chVarEn.get():        check2.configure(state='disabled')    else:        check2.configure(state='normal')# trace the state of the two checkbuttonchVarUn.trace('w', lambda unused0, unused1, unused2 : checkCallback())chVarEn.trace('w', lambda unused0, unused1, unused2 : checkCallback())# First, we change our Radiobutton globals variables into a listcolors = ['Blue', 'Gold', 'Red']# We have also changed the callback function to be zero-based, using list# instead of module-level global variables# Radiobutton Callbackdef radCall():    radSel = radVar.get()    if radSel == 0:        snake.configure(background=colors[0]) # now zero-based and using list    elif radSel == 1:        snake.configure(background=colors[1])    elif radSel == 2:        snake.configure(background=colors[2])# Create three Radiobuttons using one variableradVar = tk.IntVar()# Next we are selecting a non-existing index value for radVarradVar.set(99)# Now we are creating all three Radiobutton widgets within one loopfor col in range(3):    curRad = tk.Radiobutton(snake, text=colors[col], variable=radVar,         value=col, command=radCall)    curRad.grid(column=col, row=1, sticky=tk.W)# Create a container to hold labelsbuttons_frame = ttk.LabelFrame(snake, text=' Labels in a Frame ')buttons_frame.grid(column=0, row=2)# buttons_frame.grid(column=1, row=6)# Place labels into the container elementttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label1').grid(column=0, row=0)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Lable2').grid(column=0, row=1)ttk.Label(buttons_frame, text='Label3').grid(column=0, row=2)for child in buttons_frame.winfo_children():    child.grid_configure(padx=8, pady=4)window.mainloop()

点击 Radiobutton 发现不起作用了，那么我们改变它们的功能

[...]# Radiobutton Callbackdef radCall():    radSel = radVar.get()    if radSel == 0:        snake.configure(text='Blue') # now zero-based and using list    elif radSel == 1:        snake.configure(text='Gold')    elif radSel == 2:        snake.configure(text='Red')[...]

使用网格布局管理器

• 如果我们不指明 row 的值，tkinter 会自动完成加 1 操作。

参考文献

• Python GUI Programming Cookbook - Second Edition by Burkhard A. Meier