the physical assessment

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英文摘自《护理英语教程》,翻译为自己翻译,很多地方不尽如人意,希望各位指出修改,后面的解释为自己添加,结合各方面材料和自己的理解,都是护理学应该掌握的内容,包括一些重点,以后会逐渐添加。材料尽量加上专业名词的英文翻译。

        Mr.James Clinton comes to your ward late on the evening shift.He is a 44-years old teacher.He has no known allergies.He is complaining of abdominal pain.Upon questioning,you find that his pain started 2 1/2 days ago and was first located at the right of his umbilicus,but then moved to the lower right quadrant.He also has nausea and vomiting.He says he does not have a fever.He has no history of abdominal pain or surgery,high blood pressure,diabetes,heart disease or respiratory problems.He smokes a pack a day.After the Chief Complaint and Past Medical History are completed,you need to do a physical assessment.

詹姆斯克林顿先生在你值晚班时到了你的病房。他是44岁的老教师。无过敏史,他诉说腹部疼痛。在询问后,发现他是在两天半前开始疼痛,疼痛位于脐右,随后转移到右下腹。病人有恶心呕吐。他诉说无发烧,没有腹痛和手术史,无高血压,糖尿病,心脏病和呼吸系统疾病史。病人每日吸一包烟。在听完主诉和既往史后,你需要对其进行身体评估。
        The physical assessment,which is the final part of the admission interview,begins with inspection.Before you touch Mr.Clinton,usually while you are asking about his health history,you should look at him carefully.How does he look?You can see that he is in pain by the way he holds his body and bends his knees.His speech is clear and he is able to give a complete history.As Mr.Clinton walks or moves,you do not see any paralysis that might point to a problem with the nervous system.Looking at Mr.Clinton's skin,you cannot see any jaundice or cyanosis.

身体评估是入院问诊的最后一步,从视诊开始,在你碰触克林顿先生之前,通常在你问及他健康史时,你需要仔细观察他。他看起来怎么样?你可以通过他(?)和屈膝看出他在疼痛之中。他说话清晰,能够完整诉说病史。当克林顿先生走动时,你没有发现任何可以显示他有神经系统问题的麻痹症状。再观察他的皮肤,无黄疸和发绀。
      Looking at his abdomen,note whether it is round or flat.See if there are any rashes,bruises,or scars.Be sure your hands are clean and warm.Whenever a patient's skin is irritated or red,wear gloves.Begin by auscultating the abdomen to assess the bowel sounds.Using a stethoscope,start in one quadrant and move on after you hear the normal gurgling sounds which usually occur every 5 to 15 seconds.If you don't hear any sounds in two minutes,move on to another quadrant.If you cannot hear bowel sounds within five minutes,it may indicate a bowel obstruction.Always auscultate the abdomen before you palpate it.
观察他的腹部,记录是圆滚或平坦。看是否有皮疹,瘀斑和疤痕。确认你的手干净温暖。当病人的皮肤有疼痛发炎发红时,带上手套。从听诊腹部评估肠鸣音开始。使用听诊器,从腹部四区的其中一区开始,在听到正常的每5到15秒出现一次的气过水声后开始移动。如果你在2分钟内没有听到任何肠鸣音,将听诊器移动到其它区域。如果你在五分钟内没有听到肠鸣音,可能暗示着有肠梗阻。通常在触诊之前应先听诊腹部。

*gurgling sound:气过水声。bowel sound:肠鸣音。

胃肠道犹如一个只装了部分水的“瓶子”,其中的稀薄的液体若加上气体,再加上胃肠壁本身的运动(胃肠蠕动)使得胃内容物产生移动,在这一过程中便会有声音的产生,即肠鸣音。不过,正常人的肠鸣音是感觉不到,用耳朵也听不到的。要想了解肠鸣音,只有将耳朵紧贴于腹壁或用听诊器才能听到它,每分钟大约4-5次。如果自己能够明显感到或能用耳朵听到肚子里作响,那就表明发生了肠鸣音的亢进,反映胃肠道内气体来源或生成过多。

*past medical history:既往史。既往史包括既往健康状况和曾患过的疾病(含传染病史)、手术外伤史,预防注射、过敏史(allergies)。

*present history:现病史。

*chief complaints:主诉。主诉为患者感觉最主要、最明显的症状(symptom)和体征(sign),或是本次就诊的最主要原因。陈述时应注明自发生到就诊的时间,语句要简短扼要并高度概括,如“发热、头痛16小时”、“乏力,纳差5天,尿黄3天”。

*physical examination:体格检查。including:视诊(inspection)、触诊(palpation)、叩诊(percussion)、听诊(auscultation)、嗅诊(smelling)。

percussion sound:叩诊音。1、清音(resonance)是一种音调较低,音响较强,振动时间较长的叩诊音。为正常肺部的叩诊音。

2、浊音(dullness)是一种音调较高,强度较弱,振动持续时间较短的叩诊音。正常情况下,产生于叩击被少量含气组织覆盖的实质脏器,如心脏和肝脏的相对浊音区。病理情况下可见于肺部炎症所致肺组织含气量减少时。

3、实音(flatness):是一种音调较浊音更高,强度更弱,持续时间更短的叩诊音。正常情况下,见于叩击无肺组织覆盖区域的心脏和肝脏。病理状态下,见于大量胸水或肺实变等。

4、鼓音(tympany):是一种音响较清音更强,振动持续时间亦较长的叩诊音。于叩击含有大量气体的空腔脏器时产生。正常情况下见于左前下胸部的胃泡区及腹部。病理情况下见于肺内空洞、气胸和气腹等。

5、过清音(hyperresonance):是一种介于鼓音和清音之间的叩诊音,音调较清音低,音响较清音强。临床上主要见于肺组织含气量增多、弹性减弱时,如肺气肿(emphysema)。

 6、护理诊断(ND:nurse's diagnosis)

7、护理评估(nurse's assessment)

 8、发绀(cyanosis):是指血液中还原血红蛋白增多,使皮肤(skin)、粘膜(mucosa)呈青紫色的现象。

9、黄疸(jaundice):是由于血清中胆红素(bilirubin)浓度增高,致皮肤、粘膜和巩膜(sclera)发黄的症状(symptom)和体征(sign)。

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