翻译：测试成熟度模型集成（TMMi）（13）

SG 2 Establish a Test Approach
SG 2 建立测试方法
A test approach, based on identified product risks, is established and agreed upon.
在已明确的产品风险基础上建立并商定测试方法
SP 2.1 Identify items and features to be tested
SP 2.1 确定要测试的功能和项目
The items and features to be tested, and not to be tested, are identified based on the product risks.
基于产品风险，确定要测试和不需要测试的功能和项目。
Typical work products
1. List of items to be tested and not to be tested
2. List of features to be tested and not to be tested
典型工作产品
1. 需要和不需要测试的项目清单
2. 需要和不需要测试的功能清单
Sub-practices
1. Breakdown the prioritized product risks into items to be tested and not to be tested
2. Document the risk level and source documentation (test basis) for each identified item to be tested
3. Breakdown the prioritized product risks into features to be tested and not to be tested
4. Document the risk level and source documentation (test basis) for each identified feature to be
tested
5. Review the list of item and feature to be tested, and not to be tested with stakeholders
子实践
1. 细分产品风险优先级到每个需要和不需要测试的项目
2. 为每个确定要测试的项目记录风险级别和源文件（测试基础）
3. 细分产品风险优先级到每个需要和不需要测试的功能
4. 为每个确定要测试的功能记录风险级别和源文件（测试基础）
5. 与相关人员评审需要和不需要测试的项目和功能清单
SP 2.2 Define the test approach
SP 2.2 定义测试方法
The test approach is defined to mitigate the identified and prioritized product risks.
测试方法被定义以减轻那些已识别和已确定优先级的产品风险。
Typical work products
1. Test approach
2. The approach, e.g. selected set of test design techniques, should be described in sufficient detail
to support at a later stage identification of major test tasks and estimation of the time required to
do each one.
典型工作产品
1. 测试方法
2. 其他方法，如，选择一套测试设计技术，应该被详细描述以支持后来主要测试任务的确定，并评估做每一项任务所需要的时间。
Sub-practices
子实践
1. Select the test design techniques to be used; multiple test design techniques are defined to vary in
test coverage based on the defined product risks
1. 选择要使用的测试设计技术；在已定义的产品风险基础上多个测试设计技术被定义。
Criteria for selecting a test design technique include the following:
? Type of system
? Regulatory standards
? Customer or contractual requirements
? Level of risk
? Type of risk,
? Documentation available,
? Knowledge of the testers,
? Time and budget,
? Development lifecycle,
? Previous experience of types of defects found
选择测试设计技巧的标准包括如下：
 系统类型
 监管标准
 客户或合同需求
 风险级别
 风险类型
 现有文献
 测试人员的学识
 时间和预算
 开发生命周期
 已发现错误类型的先前经验
2. Define the approach to review test work products
3. Define the approach for re-testing
2. 定义评审工作产品的方法
3. 定义重新测试的方法
Examples of an approach for re-testing include the following:
? For all high risk test items a full re-test will take place re-executing the full test
procedure
? For all low risk test items the incidents are re-tested in isolation tools
重新测试方法的实例如下：
 对于所有高风险的测试条目，要重新执行充分测试过程
 对于所有低风险的测试条目，可以用单独的工具重新测试
4. Define the approach for regression testing
4. 定义回归测试的方法
Examples of elements of a regression test approach include the following:
? Focus of the regression testing, e.g. which items and/or features
? Test case to be selected and executed
? Type of testing to be performed
? Manual testing or using test automation tools
回归测试方法的实例如下：
 回归测试的重点，例如哪些项目和/或功能
 被选中并执行测试案例
 要执行测试的类型
 手动测试或使用自动化测试工具
5. Identify the supporting test tools to be used
6. Identify significant constraints regarding the test approach
5. 确定将要被使用的支持性测试工具6. 确定有关测试方法的重大限制
Examples of constraints regarding the test approach include the following:
? Test resources availability
? Test environment features
? Project deadlines
关于测试方法限制的实例如下：
 测试的可用性资源
 测试环境特征
 项目期限
7. Align the test approach with the defined organization-wide or program-wide test strategy
8. Identify any non-compliances to the test strategy and its rationale
9. Review the test approach with stakeholders
10. Revise the test approach as appropriate
7. 测试方法与已定义的组织范围或者产品范围的测试策略保持一致
8. 明确不遵守测试策略的部分，并说明理由
9. 与相关人员评审测试方法
10. 适当的时候修订测试方法
Examples of when the test approach may need to be revised include the following:
? New or changed priority level of product risks
? Lessons learned on applying the test approach in the project
何时需要修订测试方法的实例如下：
 新建或者改变产品风险的优先级
 项目中应用测试方法的经验学习
SP 2.3 Define entry criteria
SP 2.3 定义进入标准
The entry criteria for testing are defined to prevent testing from starting under conditions that do not
allow for a thorough test process.
测试的进入标准被定义以防止在不允许进入测试过程的条件下开始测试。
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Entry criteria
1. 进入标准
Sub-practices
子实践
1. Define a set of entry criteria related to the test process
Examples of entry criteria related to the test process include the following:
? The availability of a test summary report from the previous test level
? The availability of a test environment according to requirements
? The availability of documentation, e.g. test release note, user manual, installation
manual, etc
1. 定义一套测试过程相关的进入标准
测试过程相关的进入标准的实例如下：
 来自上一个测试级别的总结报告的可用性
 依据需求的测试环境的可用性
 相关文档的可用性，如发布说明，用户手册，安装手册等
2. Define a set of entry criteria related to product quality
Examples of entry criteria related to product quality include the following:
? A successful intake test
? No outstanding defects (of priority level X)
? All outstanding defects have at least the status analyzed
2. 定义一套有关产品质量的进入标准
有关产品质量的进入标准的实例如下：
 一个成功的摄入量测试 没有突出的（X级优先级的）缺陷 所有悬而未决的缺陷至少要有状态分析
3. Review the entry criteria with stakeholders, especially those responsible for meeting the entry
criteria
3. 与相关人员评审进入标准，特别是那些负责会议的进入标准
SP 2.4 Define exit criteria
SP 2.4 定义退出标准
The exit criteria for testing are defined to plan when to stop testing.
计划何时停止测试的退出标准被定义
Typical work products
典型工作产品
1. Exit criteria
1. 退出标准
Sub-practices
子实践
1. Define a set of exit criteria related to the test process
Examples of exit criteria related to the test process include the following:
? Percentage of tests prepared that have been executed (successfully)
? Percentage of coverage for each test item, e.g. code coverage or requirements
coverage
? The availability of an approved test summary report
1. 定义一套有关测试过程的退出标准
有关测试过程的退出标准的例子如下：
 准备被成功执行的测试百分比
 每个测试条目的覆盖百分比，如代码覆盖率和需求覆盖率
 一个经批准的测试总结报告的可用性
2. Define a set of exit criteria related to product quality
Examples of exit criteria related to product quality include the following:
? All high priority product risks mitigated
? Defect detection rate falls below a threshold
? Number of outstanding defects (by priority level)
? Percentage of software modules supported by an inspected design
2. 定义一套有关产品质量的退出标准
有关产品质量的退出标准的例子如下：
 所有高优先级产品风险趋向缓和
 缺陷检测率低于某一个阙值
 基于优先级的突出缺陷的数目
 有检查设计支持的软件模块的百分比
3. Review the exit criteria with stakeholders
Note that the exit criteria of a test level should be aligned with the entry criteria of a subsequent test
level.
3. 与相关人员评审退出标准
请注意，测试级别的退出标准应该与与之相关的测试级别的退出标准保持一致。
SP 2.5 Define suspension and resumption criteria
SP 2.5 定义暂停和恢复标准
Criteria are defined used to suspend all or a portion of the test tasks on the test items and/or features.
用于暂停所有或部分测试项目和/或功能的测试任务的标准被定义
Typical work products
1. Suspension criteria
2. Resumption criteria
典型工作产品
1. 暂停标准
2. 恢复标准
Sub-practices
子实践
1. Specify the suspension criteria used to suspend all or a portion of the test tasks on the test items
and/or features
1. 指定用于暂停所有或部分测试项目和/或功能的测试任务的暂停标准
Examples of suspension criteria include the following:
? Number of critical defects
? Number of non reproducible defects
? Issues with test execution due to the test environments
暂停标准的例子如下：
 关键缺陷的数目
 没有可再生的缺陷的数目
 由于测试环境，测试执行产生的问题
2. Specify the resumption criteria used to specify the test tasks that must be repeated
2. 指定用于必须被重复的测试任务的恢复标准