Gtk+, Glade3, Anjuta 编程开发小结

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转自:http://blog.chinaunix.net/u3/100915/showart_2158659.html

 

 

开发系统:

  Ubuntu Release 9.10(Karmic)

1.Gtk+简介

    Gtk+采用的是LGPL协议的自由软件包,是GNU项目的一部分。它是两大跨平台GUI toolkit之一,另一个是QT,但是QT并不是所有的版本都是开源的,分为开源版和商业版。 Linux流行的GNOME桌面环境采用的就是Gtk+开发的,Google的Linux版Chrome浏览器也是基于Gtk+开发的。 Gtk+提供了几乎所有流行开发语言(如C++,Python,C#,Java等)的绑定包,但是其native语言还是C。C也是操作系统的编写语言,Linux,Windows都是用C编写出来的。

    Gtk+在Windows世界里相当于MFC或WPF。

2.LGPL 与GPL协议

    这是Linux软件最常使用的两种开源协议,当然还有其它的BSD,Apache,MIT。

    GPL全称是General Public License,Linux采用的就是GPL协议,一旦使用了含有GPL协议的代码或类库,本身也必需开源,这是所谓的传染性。

    LGPL是Lesser GPL,比GPL宽松的协议,采用了LGPL代码的软件可以是闭源的。底层的类库一般就采用LGPL协议,如Gtk+和开源版的QT。

    有意思的是,2009年很多公司并没有遵守GPL等开源协议:

  • 微软Windows 7的USB/DVD下载安装工具使用了GNU的代码,一开始并没有开放源码,在Open Source人士的强烈抗议之后,重新发布了该工具的开源版本。

  • 射手播放器项目公开谴责腾讯的QQ影音违反开源协议。在11月份,腾讯被ffmpeg发现并列入耻辱版。腾讯是一家全球IT市值排名17的公司,大陆唯一一个入围全球IT市值20强的公司。

  • 软件自由法律中心起诉百思买集团,三星电子美国,西屋电子,JVC美国,西部数据,台湾合勤科技违反GPL等。

  • aMule作者要求VeryCD开源,指出VeryCD是以aMule为基础构建的。

  • ”绿霸“被指责使用了OpenCV的haar分类过滤器,却没有遵守OpenCV的BSD协议,在版权信息中加入BSD许可证。

3.Glade3介绍

     Glade是为Gtk+和GNOME开发出来的UI快速开发工具,它的全称是Glade Interface Designer。

     它包含了Button,Label,Radio等所有控件,对齐方式以及设置消息函数。Glade3文件是一个纯XML描述的文件,Glade3版本之前,据说可以直接转成代码.h和.c。但是Glade3已经去掉这个功能了,为了UI设计跟代码完全分离出来,也比较符合现代编程思想和风格。

     Glade3在Windows里相当与Blend2,它可以设计出WPF的UI。其中Blend2也是用XML描述的,叫XAML语言或文件。

     使用Glade3的一点注意事项:

    一开始建立的Windows窗口需要使用Contaner面板里面的一个Fixed功能先固定住,这样再添加其它控件的时候比较方便,不会出现一个Button覆盖住一个Windows窗口的情况,并且无法调节其大小。如果固定住Windows窗口,点击正中间上方的Drag and Resize就可以拖动了。

4.安装Gtk+编程的依赖包

    // Anjuta IDE

    sudo apt-get install anjuta

    // Build tools

    sudo apt-get install autogen automake build-essential indent intltool 

    sudo apt-get install gnome-core-devel 

    sudo apt-get install pkg-config

    // Help documents
    sudo apt-get install devhelp 
    sudo apt-get install libglib2.0-doc libgtk2.0-doc 

    // Glade
    sudo apt-get install glade libglade2-dev

    // Gtk+ for C++

    sudo apt-get install libglademm-2.4-dev libgnomemm-2.6-dev intltool
    sudo apt-get install libgtkmm-2.4-doc libcairomm-1.0-doc libglib2.0-doc libgnome2-doc libsigc++-2.0-doc

5.命令行编译与makefile
  • 测试Gtk+的编译环境,新建一个base.c的空文档,插入以下代码。

      #include <gtk/gtk.h>
      int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) 
     { 
         GtkWidget *window=NULL; 
         gtk_init (&argc, &argv); 
         window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL); 
         gtk_widget_show (window); 
         gtk_main ();
         return 0;
      }

      打开终端,进入base.c的当前文件目录,运行下面的gcc命令:

            gcc base.c -o base `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`

       则生成一个base的可执行文件,运行./base,测试运行结果,可以看见一个窗口界面。表明Gtk+开发环境配置正确。

  • 也可以将编译、链接命令写成makefile,如下:

    CC = gcc
            all:
            $(CC) base.c -o base `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`

         在终端直接运行make命令,就可以生产base的可执行文件。

6.Anjuta IDE编程

  6.1 测试Anjuta的环境

     1. 新建Gtk+工程

        File → New → Project → C → Gtk+2.0

        Anjuta为我们创建了一个包含所有文件的文件夹。

     2.打开Src文件夹,包含了main.c和gtk_foobar.ui这两个常要用到的文件,以及callbacks.c和callbacks.h,Makefile.am文件。

       从create_window()函数里的代码可以看出,*.ui是用GtkBuilder的gtk_builder_add_from_file()来读取的。

      builder = gtk_builder_new ();

      if (!gtk_builder_add_from_file (builder, UI_FILE, &error))
     {
          g_warning ("Couldn't load builder file: %s", error->message);
          g_error_free (error);
     }

      3. 点击Build菜单,编译main.c文件和prjoct文件。Build成功后,再打开Run菜单,执行Execute,生产一个名字为Windows的窗口。这就是默认的Gtk+窗口。

   6.2 编写一个UI界面,含Menu,Button,Label控件,实现Button的Click事件响应。

       Menu是通过加入MenuBar控件,在小窗口的树状层次结构,右键点击Edit来添加子菜单。

       Button,Label是直接脱控件实现。给Menu,Buton,Label取好名字就可以了,便于编程理解。

  6.3 添加为名为button_Up的Button的Click响应:

  Step 1:

    在button属性的页面,选Signals标签,在GtkButton的clicked属性添加名为button_Up_clicked_cb()的call back 函数,anjuta会在main.c中添加一个空函数。

  Step 2:

     在create_window()函数里建立button和label的signal_connect连接:

    // Get label_Status object

   GObject* label_Status_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "label_Status");

    // Get button objects

    GObject* button_Up_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "button_Up");

    // Connect signals (buttons --> label)

    g_signal_connect (button_Up_obj, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(button_Up_clicked_cb), label_Status_obj);

    g_signal_connect()函数里,将label_Status作为user data传递过去。

 Step 3:

  在click函数里处理事件:

  void

  button_Up_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data)

  {

  GtkWidget* labelForStatus = GTK_WIDGET(user_data);

  gtk_label_set_text(GTK_LABEL(labelForStatus), "Up!");

  }

至此,代码实现已经基本完成,雷同的部分作相应的处理。

7.程序实例
   
    源码在附录。

8.参考文献:
  1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gtk%2B
  2. http://www.gtk.org/
  3. http://baike.baidu.com/view/1047410.htm
  4. http://glade.gnome.org/
  5. http://www.awflasher.com/blog/archives/939
  6. 开源时代2010.01(总第十六期)
  7. http://www.freeoa.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:bsd&catid=5:commercepudct&Itemid=2
  8. Devhelp
  9. http://blog.csdn.net/Linuxdianc/archive/2009/12/21/5047600.aspx
  10. https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/views/opensource/libraryview.jsp?type_by=文档库&view_by=search&search_by=GTK%2B+基础


    附录
    main.c 源码:

/* -*- Mode: C; indent-tabs-mode: t; c-basic-offset: 4; tab-width: 4 -*- */
/*
 * main.c
 * Copyright (C) alex 2010 <hldu05@163.com>
 *
 * gtk-foobar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
 * Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * gtk-foobar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 * See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */


#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <config.h>
#include <gtk/gtk.h>

/*
 * Standard gettext macros.
 */

#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
# include <libintl.h>
# undef _
# define _(String) dgettext (PACKAGE, String)
# ifdef gettext_noop
# define N_(String) gettext_noop (String)
# else
# define N_(String) (String)
# endif
#else
# define textdomain(String) (String)
# define gettext(String) (String)
# define dgettext(Domain,Message) (Message)
# define dcgettext(Domain,Message,Type) (Message)
# define bindtextdomain(Domain,Directory) (Domain)
# define _(String) (String)
# define N_(String) (String)
#endif

#include "callbacks.h"

/* For testing propose use the local (not installed) ui file */
/* #define UI_FILE PACKAGE_DATA_DIR"/gtk_foobar/ui/gtk_foobar.ui" */
#define UI_FILE "src/gtk_foobar.ui"

void
button_Up_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data);
void
button_Middle_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data);
void
button_Bottom_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data);

GtkWidget*
create_window (void)
{
    GtkWidget *window;
    GtkBuilder *builder;
    GError* error = NULL;

    builder = gtk_builder_new ();
    if (!gtk_builder_add_from_file (builder, UI_FILE, &error))
    {
        g_warning ("Couldn't load builder file: %s", error->message);
        g_error_free (error);
    }

    /* This is important */
    gtk_builder_connect_signals (builder, NULL);
    window = GTK_WIDGET (gtk_builder_get_object (builder, "window"));


    // Get label_Status object

    GObject* label_Status_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "label_Status");
    
    // Get button objects

    GObject* button_Up_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "button_Up");
    GObject* button_Middle_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "button_Middle");
    GObject* button_Bottom_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "button_Bottom");
    

    // Connect signals (buttons --> label)

    g_signal_connect (button_Up_obj, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(button_Up_clicked_cb), label_Status_obj);
    g_signal_connect (button_Middle_obj, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(button_Middle_clicked_cb), label_Status_obj);
    g_signal_connect (button_Bottom_obj, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(button_Bottom_clicked_cb), label_Status_obj);

    g_object_unref (builder);
    
    return window;
}

int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
     GtkWidget *window;

#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
    bindtextdomain (GETTEXT_PACKAGE, PACKAGE_LOCALE_DIR);
    bind_textdomain_codeset (GETTEXT_PACKAGE, "UTF-8");
    textdomain (GETTEXT_PACKAGE);
#endif
    
    gtk_set_locale ();
    gtk_init (&argc, &argv);

    window = create_window ();
    gtk_widget_show (window);

    gtk_main ();
    return 0;
}

void
button_Up_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data)
{
    GtkWidget* labelForStatus = GTK_WIDGET(user_data);
    gtk_label_set_text(GTK_LABEL(labelForStatus), "Up!");

}

void
button_Middle_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data)
{
    GtkWidget* labelForStatus = GTK_WIDGET(user_data);
    gtk_label_set_text(GTK_LABEL(labelForStatus), "Middle!");

}

void
button_Bottom_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data)
{
    GtkWidget* labelForStatus = GTK_WIDGET(user_data);
    gtk_label_set_text(GTK_LABEL(labelForStatus), "Bottom!");

}

 

gtk_foobar.ui 源码:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<interface>
  <requires lib="gtk+" version="2.16"/>
  <!-- interface-naming-policy project-wide -->
  <object class="GtkWindow" id="window">
    <property name="visible">True</property>
    <property name="title" translatable="yes">Alex Du's Test</property>
    <property name="default_width">499</property>
    <property name="default_height">400</property>
    <signal name="destroy" handler="destroy" object="NULL"/>
    <child>
      <object class="GtkFixed" id="fixed2">
        <property name="visible">True</property>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button_OK">
            <property name="label">gtk-ok</property>
            <property name="width_request">95</property>
            <property name="height_request">39</property>
            <property name="visible">True</property>
            <property name="can_focus">True</property>
            <property name="receives_default">True</property>
            <property name="use_stock">True</property>
          </object>
          <packing>
            <property name="x">290</property>
            <property name="y">292</property>
          </packing>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkLabel" id="label_Content">
            <property name="width_request">270</property>
            <property name="height_request">45</property>
            <property name="visible">True</property>
            <property name="label" translatable="yes">This is from Alex Du'
s test!</property>
          </object>
          <packing>
            <property name="x">108</property>
            <property name="y">193</property>
          </packing>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button_Cancel">
            <property name="label">gtk-cancel</property>
            <property name="width_request">96</property>
            <property name="height_request">38</property>
            <property name="visible">True</property>
            <property name="can_focus">True</property>
            <property name="receives_default">True</property>
            <property name="use_stock">True</property>
          </object>
          <packing>
            <property name="x">396</property>
            <property name="y">293</property>
          </packing>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkMenuBar" id="menubar1">
            <property name="width_request">97</property>
            <property name="height_request">34</property>
            <property name="visible">True</property>
            <child>
              <object class="GtkMenuItem" id="menuitem1">
                <property name="visible">True</property>
                <property name="label" translatable="yes">_Place</property>
                <property name="use_underline">True</property>
                <child type="submenu">
                  <object class="GtkMenu" id="menu1">
                    <property name="visible">True</property>
                    <child>
                      <object class="GtkImageMenuItem" id="imagemenuitem1">
                        <property name="label" translatable="yes">_Up</property>
                        <property name="visible">True</property>
                        <property name="use_underline">True</property>
                        <property name="image">image1</property>
                        <property name="use_stock">False</property>
                      </object>
                    </child>
                    <child>
                      <object class="GtkImageMenuItem" id="imagemenuitem2">
                        <property name="label" translatable="yes">_Middle</property>
                        <property name="visible">True</property>
                        <property name="use_underline">True</property>
                        <property name="image">image2</property>
                        <property name="use_stock">False</property>
                      </object>
                    </child>
                    <child>
                      <object class="GtkImageMenuItem" id="imagemenuitem3">
                        <property name="label" translatable="yes">_Bottom</property>
                        <property name="visible">True</property>
                        <property name="use_underline">True</property>
                        <property name="image">image3</property>
                        <property name="use_stock">False</property>
                      </object>
                    </child>
                  </object>
                </child>
              </object>
            </child>
          </object>
          <packing>
            <property name="x">41</property>
            <property name="y">17</property>
          </packing>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button_Up">
            <property name="label" translatable="yes">_Up</property>
            <property name="width_request">76</property>
            <property name="height_request">41</property>
            <property name="visible">True</property>
            <property name="can_focus">True</property>
            <property name="receives_default">True</property>
            <property name="use_underline">True</property>
            <property name="yalign">0.47999998927116394</property>
            <signal name="clicked" handler="button_Up_clicked_cb"/>
          </object>
          <packing>
            <property name="x">42</property>
            <property name="y">65</property>
          </packing>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button_Middle">
            <property name="label" translatable="yes">_Middel</property>
            <property name="width_request">83</property>
            <property name="height_request">43</property>
            <property name="visible">True</property>
            <property name="can_focus">True</property>
            <property name="receives_default">True</property>
            <property name="use_underline">True</property>
            <signal name="clicked" handler="button_Middle_clicked_cb"/>
          </object>
          <packing>
            <property name="x">124</property>
            <property name="y">65</property>
          </packing>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkButton" id="button_Bottom">
            <property name="label" translatable="yes">_Bottom</property>
            <property name="width_request">82</property>
            <property name="height_request">40</property>
            <property name="visible">True</property>
            <property name="can_focus">True</property>
            <property name="receives_default">True</property>
            <property name="use_underline">True</property>
            <signal name="clicked" handler="button_Bottom_clicked_cb"/>
          </object>
          <packing>
            <property name="x">213</property>
            <property name="y">67</property>
          </packing>
        </child>
        <child>
          <object class="GtkLabel" id="label_Status">
            <property name="width_request">109</property>
            <property name="height_request">42</property>
            <property name="visible">True</property>
          </object>
          <packing>
            <property name="x">18</property>
            <property name="y">292</property>
          </packing>
        </child>
      </object>
    </child>
  </object>
  <object class="GtkImage" id="image1">
    <property name="visible">True</property>
    <property name="stock">gtk-missing-image</property>
  </object>
  <object class="GtkImage" id="image2">
    <property name="visible">True</property>
    <property name="stock">gtk-missing-image</property>
  </object>
  <object class="GtkImage" id="image3">
    <property name="visible">True</property>
    <property name="stock">gtk-missing-image</property>
  </object>
</interface>

 

 


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