数据库基础知识

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1、列出各个部门中工资高于本部门的平均工资的员工数和部门号,并按部门号排序

 

创建表:

       mysql> create table employee921(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(5

0),salary bigint,deptid int);

 

插入实验数据:

mysql> insert into employee921 values(null,'zs',1000,1),(null,'ls',1100,1),(null

,'ww',1100,1),(null,'zl',900,1) ,(null,'zl',1000,2), (null,'zl',900,2) ,(null,'z

l',1000,2) , (null,'zl',1100,2);

 

编写sql语句:

 

select avg(salary) from employee921 group by deptid;

mysql> select employee921.id,employee921.name,employee921.salary,employee921.dep

tid tid from  employee921 where salary > (select avg(salary) from employee921 where  deptid = tid);

 

   效率低的一个语句,仅供学习参考使用(在group by之后不能使用where,只能使用having,在group by之前可以使用where,即表示对过滤后的结果分组):

mysql> select employee921.id,employee921.name,employee921.salary,employee921.dep

tid tid from  employee921 where salary > (select avg(salary) from employee921 group by deptid having deptid = tid);

   select count(*) ,tid

       from (

              select employee921.id,employee921.name,employee921.salary,employee921.deptid tid

              from      employee921

              where salary >

                    (select avg(salary) from employee921 where  deptid = tid)

       ) as t

       group by tid ;

 

另外一种方式:关联查询

select a.ename,a.salary,a.deptid

 from emp a,

    (select deptd,avg(salary) avgsal from emp group by deptid ) b

 where a.deptid=b.deptid and a.salary>b.avgsal;

 

 

 

3、用一条SQL语句 查询出每门课都大于80分的学生姓名 

 

name   kecheng   fenshu
张三     语文
       81
张三     数学
       75
李四     语文
       76
李四     数学
       90
王五     语文
       81
王五     数学
       100
王五     英语
       90

准备数据的sql代码:

create table score(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(20),subject varchar(20),score int);

insert into score values

(null,'张三','语文',81),

(null,'张三','数学',75),

(null,'李四','语文',76),

(null,'李四','数学',90),

(null,'王五','语文',81),

(null,'王五','数学',100),

(null,'王五 ','英语',90);

 

提示:当百思不得其解时,请理想思维,把小变成大做,把大变成小做,

 

答案:
A: select distinct name from score  where  name not in (select distinct name from score where score<=80)

 

B:select distince name t1 from score where 80< all (select score from score where name=t1);

 

4、所有部门之间的比赛组合

一个叫department的表,里面只有一个字段name,一共有4条纪录,分别是a,b,c,d,对应四个球对,现在四个球对进行比赛,用一条sql语句显示所有可能的比赛组合.

答:select a.name, b.name
from team a, team b
where a.name < b.name

 

5、每个月份的发生额都比101科目多的科目

 

请用SQL语句实现:从TestDB数据表中查询出所有月份的发生额都比101科目相应月份的发生额高的科目。请注意:TestDB中有很多科目,都有112月份的发生额。
AccID
:科目代码,Occmonth:发生额月份,DebitOccur:发生额。
数据库名:JcyAudit,数据集:Select * from TestDB

准备数据的sql代码:

drop table if exists TestDB;

create table TestDB(id int primary key auto_increment,AccID varchar(20), Occmonth date, DebitOccur bigint);

insert into TestDB values

(null,'101','1988-1-1',100),

(null,'101','1988-2-1',110),

(null,'101','1988-3-1',120),

(null,'101','1988-4-1',100),

(null,'101','1988-5-1',100),

(null,'101','1988-6-1',100),

(null,'101','1988-7-1',100),

(null,'101','1988-8-1',100);

--复制上面的数据,故意把第一个月份的发生额数字改小一点

insert into TestDB values

(null,'102','1988-1-1',90),

(null,'102','1988-2-1',110),

(null,'102','1988-3-1',120),

(null,'102','1988-4-1',100),

(null,'102','1988-5-1',100),

(null,'102','1988-6-1',100),

(null,'102','1988-7-1',100),

(null,'102','1988-8-1',100);

--复制最上面的数据,故意把所有发生额数字改大一点

insert into TestDB values

(null,'103','1988-1-1',150),

(null,'103','1988-2-1',160),

(null,'103','1988-3-1',180),

(null,'103','1988-4-1',120),

(null,'103','1988-5-1',120),

(null,'103','1988-6-1',120),

(null,'103','1988-7-1',120),

(null,'103','1988-8-1',120);

--复制最上面的数据,故意把所有发生额数字改大一点

insert into TestDB values

(null,'104','1988-1-1',130),

(null,'104','1988-2-1',130),

(null,'104','1988-3-1',140),

(null,'104','1988-4-1',150),

(null,'104','1988-5-1',160),

(null,'104','1988-6-1',170),

(null,'104','1988-7-1',180),

(null,'104','1988-8-1',140);

--复制最上面的数据,故意把第二个月份的发生额数字改小一点

insert into TestDB values

(null,'105','1988-1-1',100),

(null,'105','1988-2-1',80),

(null,'105','1988-3-1',120),

(null,'105','1988-4-1',100),

(null,'105','1988-5-1',100),

(null,'105','1988-6-1',100),

(null,'105','1988-7-1',100),

(null,'105','1988-8-1',100);

答案:
select distinct AccID from TestDB

where AccID not in

       (select TestDB.AccIDfrom TestDB,

               (select * from TestDB where AccID='101') as db101

       where TestDB.Occmonth=db101.Occmonth and TestDB.DebitOccur<=db101.DebitOccur

       );

 

6、统计每年每月的信息

 

year  month amount
1991   1     1.1
1991   2     1.2
1991   3     1.3
1991   4     1.4
1992   1     2.1
1992   2     2.2
1992   3     2.3
1992   4     2.4
查成这样一个结果
year m1  m2  m3  m4
1991 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
1992 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

提示:这个与工资条非常类似,与学生的科目成绩也很相似。

 

准备sql语句:

drop table if exists sales;

create table sales(id int auto_increment primary key,year varchar(10), month varchar(10), amount float(2,1));

insert into sales values

(null,'1991','1',1.1),

(null,'1991','2',1.2),

(null,'1991','3',1.3),

(null,'1991','4',1.4),

(null,'1992','1',2.1),

(null,'1992','2',2.2),

(null,'1992','3',2.3),

(null,'1992','4',2.4);


答案一、
select sales.year ,

(select t.amount from sales t where t.month='1' and t.year= sales.year) '1',

(select t.amount from sales t where t.month='1' and t.year= sales.year) '2',

(select t.amount from sales t where t.month='1' and t.year= sales.year) '3',

(select t.amount from sales t where t.month='1' and t.year= sales.year) as '4'

from sales  group by year;

 

7、显示文章标题,发帖人、最后回复时间

 

表:id,title,postuser,postdate,parentid

准备sql语句:

drop table if exists articles;

create table articles(id int auto_increment primary key,title varchar(50), postuser varchar(10), postdate datetime,parentid int references articles(id));

insert into articles values

(null,'第一条','张三','1998-10-10 12:32:32',null),

(null,'第二条','张三','1998-10-10 12:34:32',null),

(null,'第一条回复1','李四','1998-10-10 12:35:32',1),

(null,'第二条回复1','李四','1998-10-10 12:36:32',2),

(null,'第一条回复2','王五','1998-10-10 12:37:32',1),

(null,'第一条回复3','李四','1998-10-10 12:38:32',1),

(null,'第二条回复2','李四','1998-10-10 12:39:32',2),

(null,'第一条回复4','王五','1998-10-10 12:39:40',1);

 

答案:

select a.title,a.postuser,

       (select max(postdate) from articles where parentid=a.id) reply

from articles a where a.parentid is null;

 

注释:子查询可以用在选择列中,也可用于where的比较条件中,还可以用于from从句中。

 

8、删除除了id号不同,其他都相同的学生冗余信息

 

2.学生表 如下:
id
   学号   姓名 课程编号 课程名称 分数

1        2005001 
张三  0001      数学    69
2        2005002 
李四  0001      数学
    89
3        2005001 
张三  0001      数学
    69
A: delete from tablename where id
not in(select min(id) from tablename group by 学号,姓名,课程编号,课程名称,分数)

实验:

create table student2(id int auto_increment primary key,code varchar(20),name varchar(20));

insert into student2 values(null,'2005001','张三'),(null,'2005002','李四'),(null,'2005001','张三');

 

//如下语句,mysql报告错误,可能删除依赖后面统计语句,而删除又导致统计语句结果不一致。

 

delete from student2 where id not in(select min(id) from student2 group by name);

//但是,如下语句没有问题:

select *  from student2 where id not in(select min(id) from student2 group by name);

//于是,我想先把分组的结果做成虚表,然后从虚表中选出结果,最后再将结果作为删除的条件数据。

delete from student2 where id not in(select mid from (select min(id) mid

from student2 group by name) as t);

或者:

delete from student2 where id not in(select min(id) from (select * from s

tudent2) as t group by t.name);

 

9、航空网的几个航班查询题:

 

表结构如下:

flight{flightID,StartCityID ,endCityID,StartTime}

city{cityID, CityName)

实验环境:

create table city(cityID int auto_increment primary key,cityName varchar(20));

create table flight (flightID int auto_increment primary key,

       StartCityID int references city(cityID),

       endCityID  int references city(cityID),

       StartTime timestamp);

//航班本来应该没有日期部分才好,但是下面的题目当中涉及到了日期

insert into city values(null,'北京'),(null,'上海'),(null,'广州');

insert into flight values

       (null,1,2,'9:37:23'),(null,1,3,'9:37:23'),(null,1,2,'10:37:23'),(null,2,3,'10:37:23');

 

 

a、查询起飞城市是北京的所有航班,按到达城市的名字排序

 

 

参与运算的列是我起码能够显示出来的那些列,但最终我不一定把它们显示出来。各个表组合出来的中间结果字段中必须包含所有运算的字段。

 

  select  * from flight f,city c

       where f.endcityid = c.cityid and startcityid =

       (select c1.cityid from city c1 where c1.cityname = "北京")

       order by c.cityname asc;

 

mysql> select flight.flightid,'北京' startcity, e.cityname from flight,city e wh

ere flight.endcityid=e.cityid and flight.startcityid=(select cityid from city wh

ere cityname='北京');

 

mysql> select flight.flightid,s.cityname,e.cityname from flight,city s,city e wh

ere flight.startcityid=s.cityid and s.cityname='北京' and flight.endCityId=e.cit

yID order by e.cityName desc;

 

 

b、查询北京到上海的所有航班纪录(起飞城市,到达城市,起飞时间,航班号)

 

select c1.CityName,c2.CityName,f.StartTime,f.flightID

from city c1,city c2,flight f

where f.StartCityID=c1.cityID

and f.endCityID=c2.cityID

and c1.cityName='北京'

and c2.cityName='上海'

 

c、查询具体某一天(2005-5-8)的北京到上海的的航班次数

 

select count(*) from

(select c1.CityName,c2.CityName,f.StartTime,f.flightID

from city c1,city c2,flight f

where f.StartCityID=c1.cityID

and f.endCityID=c2.cityID

and c1.cityName='北京'

and c2.cityName='上海'

and 查帮助获得的某个日期处理函数(startTime) like '2005-5-8%'

 

mysql中提取日期部分进行比较的示例代码如下:

select * from flight where date_format(starttime,'%Y-%m-%d')='1998-01-02'

 

10、查出比经理薪水还高的员工信息:

 

Drop table if not exists employees;

create table employees(id int primary key auto_increment,name varchar(50)

,salary int,managerid int references employees(id));

insert into employees values (null,' lhm',10000,null), (null,' zxx',15000,1

),(null,'flx',9000,1),(null,'tg',10000,2),(null,'wzg',10000,3);

 

Wzg大于flx,lhm大于zxx

 

解题思路:

     根据sql语句的查询特点,是逐行进行运算,不可能两行同时参与运算。

涉及了员工薪水和经理薪水,所有,一行记录要同时包含两个薪水,所有想到要把这个表自关联组合一下。

     首先要组合出一个包含有各个员工及该员工的经理信息的长记录,譬如,左半部分是员工,右半部分是经理。而迪卡尔积会组合出很多垃圾信息,先去除这些垃圾信息。

 

select e.* from employees e,employees m where e.managerid=m.id and e.sala

ry>m.salary;

 

11、求出小于45岁的各个老师所带的大于12岁的学生人数

 

数据库中有3个表 teacher 表,student表,tea_stu关系表。
teacher
teaID name age
student
stuID name age
teacher_student
teaID stuID
要求用一条sql查询出这样的结果

1.
显示的字段要有老师name, age 每个老师所带的学生人数

2
只列出老师age40以下,学生age12以上的记录

预备知识:

      1.sql语句是对每一条记录依次处理,条件为真则执行动作(select,insert,delete,update

       2.只要是迪卡尔积,就会产生“垃圾”信息,所以,只要迪卡尔积了,我们首先就要想到清除“垃圾”信息

实验准备:

       drop table if exists tea_stu;

       drop table if exists teacher;

       drop table if exists student;

      create table teacher(teaID int primary key,name varchar(50),age int);

      create table student(stuID int primary key,name varchar(50),age int);

      create table tea_stu(teaID int references teacher(teaID),stuID int references student(stuID));

insert into teacher values(1,'zxx',45), (2,'lhm',25) , (3,'wzg',26) , (4,'tg',27);

insert into student values(1,'wy',11), (2,'dh',25) , (3,'ysq',26) , (4,'mxc',27);

insert into tea_stu values(1,1), (1,2), (1,3);

insert into tea_stu values(2,2), (2,3), (2,4);

 insert into tea_stu values(3,3), (3,4), (3,1);

insert into tea_stu values(4,4), (4,1), (4,2) , (4,3);

 

结果:2à3,3à2,4à3

 

解题思路:(真实面试答题时,也要写出每个分析步骤,如果纸张不够,就找别人要)

1要会统计分组信息,统计信息放在中间表中:

select teaid,count(*) from tea_stu group by teaid;

 

2接着其实应该是筛除掉小于12岁的学生,然后再进行统计,中间表必须与student关联才能得到12岁以下学生和把该学生记录从中间表中剔除,代码是:

select tea_stu.teaid,count(*) total from student,tea_stu

where student.stuid=tea_stu.stuid and student.age>12 group by tea_stu.teaid

 

3.接着把上面的结果做成虚表与teacher进行关联,并筛除大于45的老师

select teacher.teaid,teacher.name,total from teacher ,(select tea_stu.tea

id,count(*) total from student,tea_stu where student.stuid=tea_stu.stuid and stu

dent.age>12 group by tea_stu.teaid) as tea_stu2 where teacher.teaid=tea_stu2.tea

id and teacher.age<45;

 

 

12、求出发帖最多的人:

 

select authorid,count(*) total from articles

group by authorid

having total=

(select max(total2) from (select count(*) total2 from articles group by authorid) as t);

 

select t.authorid,max(t.total) from

select authorid,count(*) total from articles as t

这条语句不行,因为max只有一列,不能与其他列混淆。

 

select authorid,count(*) total from articles

group by authorid having total=max(total)也不行。

 

13、一个用户表中有一个积分字段,假如数据库中有100多万个用户,若要在每年第一天凌晨将积分清零,你将考虑什么,你将想什么办法解决?

alter table drop column score;

alter table add colunm score int;

可能会很快,但是需要试验,试验不能拿真实的环境来操刀,并且要注意,

这样的操作时无法回滚的,在我的印象中,只有inert update deleteDML语句才能回滚,

对于create table,drop table ,alter tableDDL语句是不能回滚。

 

 

解决方案一,update user set score=0;

解决方案二,假设上面的代码要执行好长时间,超出我们的容忍范围,那我就alter table user drop column score;alter table user add column score int

 

下面代码实现每年的那个凌晨时刻进行清零。

Runnable runnable =

       new Runnable(){

              public void run(){

                     clearDb();

                     schedule(this,new Date(new Date().getYear()+1,0,0));

                     }           

                     };

 

schedule(runnable,

       new Date(new Date().getYear()+1,0,1));

 

14、一个用户具有多个角色,请查询出该表中具有该用户的所有角色的其他用户。

select count(*) as num,tb.id

from

 tb,

 (select role from tb where id=xxx) as t1

where

 tb.role = t1.role and tb.id != t1.id

group by tb.id

having

       num = select count(role) from tb where id=xxx;

 

 

 

2、用两种方式根据部门号从高到低,工资从低到高列出每个员工的信息。

 

employee:

     eid,ename,salary,deptid;

 select * from employee order by deptid desc,salary