No WebApplicationContext found: no ContextLoaderListener registered 错误解决

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错误信息如下：

java.lang.IllegalStateException: No WebApplicationContext found: no ContextLoaderListener registered?
    at org.springframework.web.context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils.getRequiredWebApplicationContext(WebApplicationContextUtils.java:70)
    at org.springframework.web.struts.DelegatingActionUtils.findRequiredWebApplicationContext(DelegatingActionUtils.java:148)
    at org.springframework.web.struts.ActionSupport.initWebApplicationContext(ActionSupport.java:98)
    at org.springframework.web.struts.ActionSupport.setServlet(ActionSupport.java:78)
    at org.apache.struts.action.RequestProcessor.processActionCreate(RequestProcessor.java:299)
    at org.apache.struts.action.RequestProcessor.process(RequestProcessor.java:221)
    at org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet.process(ActionServlet.java:1913)
    at org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet.doGet(ActionServlet.java:449)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:617)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:717)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:290)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:206)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:233)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:191)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:128)
    at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:102)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:109)
    at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:293)
    at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.process(Http11Processor.java:849)
    at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol$Http11ConnectionHandler.process(Http11Protocol.java:583)
    at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$Worker.run(JIoEndpoint.java:454)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:619)

Spring 中抛出错误地方的源码为：

    public static WebApplicationContext getRequiredWebApplicationContext(ServletContext sc)
        throws IllegalStateException {

        WebApplicationContext wac = getWebApplicationContext(sc);
        if (wac == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("No WebApplicationContext found: no ContextLoaderListener registered?");
        }
        return wac;
    }

由此可见，系统抛出上述错误的原因是wac == null，即加载 Spring 失败。

解决办法：在web.xml添加如下内容。

<context-param>
     <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
     <param-value>classpath*:applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>SpringContextServlet </servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderServlet</servlet-class>
    <load-on-startup>1 </load-on-startup>
</servlet>