Linux 基本命令(一）

1.copy
[root@localhost ~]# cp /root/Desktop/file /root/Desktop/folder
2.move
[root@localhost ~]# mv /root/Desktop/file /root/Desktop/folder
3.remove
[root@localhost ~]# rm /root/Desktop/folder/file
rm: remove regular file `/root/Desktop/folder/file'? y
4.Make dir
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /root/Desktop/folder
[root@localhost bin]# mkdir -p -m 700 /root/Desktop/xiaomao
5.remove dir
[root@localhost ~]# rmdir /root/Desktop/folder
rmdir: /root/Desktop/folder: Directory not empty
[root@localhost ~]# rmdir /root/Desktop/folder
6.chang dir
[root@localhost /]# cd /root/Desktop/folder/
[root@localhost folder]# cd ../..
[root@localhost ~]# cd ../..
[root@localhost /]# cd ~
[root@localhost ~]#
7.pwd
[root@localhost ~]# cd /root/Desktop/folder
[root@localhost folder]# pwd
/root/Desktop/folder
8.list
[root@localhost folder]# ls /root/Desktop/folder
new file         untitled folder 1  untitled folder 3
untitled folder  untitled folder 2
[root@localhost ~]# ls -al
total 288
drwxr-x--- 17 root root  4096 Feb 14 20:55 .
drwxr-xr-x 24 root root  4096 Feb 14 17:01 ..
-rw-------  1 root root   912 Feb  9 03:31 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-------  1 root root  6090 Feb 14 17:24 .bash_history
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    24 Jul 12  2006 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   191 Jul 12  2006 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   176 Jul 12  2006 .bashrc
drwx------  3 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:26 .config
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   100 Jul 12  2006 .cshrc
drwx------  3 root root  4096 Feb 14  2012 .dbus
drwxr-xr-x  7 root root  4096 Feb 14 17:24 Desktop
-rw-------  1 root root    26 Feb  8 21:25 .dmrc
drwxr-x---  2 root root  4096 Feb  8 21:25 .eggcups
-rw-------  1 root root    16 Feb 14 17:24 .esd_auth
drwx------  4 root root  4096 Feb 14 20:54 .gconf
drwx------  2 root root  4096 Feb 14 20:56 .gconfd
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Feb  8 21:25 .gnome
drwx------  8 root root  4096 Feb 14 19:21 .gnome2
drwx------  2 root root  4096 Feb  8 21:25 .gnome2_private
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root  4096 Feb  8 21:25 .gstreamer-0.10
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    81 Feb  8 21:25 .gtkrc-1.2-gnome2
-rw-------  1 root root   569 Feb 14 20:54 .ICEauthority
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 26586 Feb  9 03:31 install.log
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  3488 Feb  9 03:29 install.log.syslog
drwx------  3 root root  4096 Feb  8 21:25 .metacity
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Feb 14 19:21 .nautilus
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  4517 Feb 14 20:55 .recently-used.xbel
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root  4096 Feb  8 21:25 .redhat
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   129 Jul 12  2006 .tcshrc
drwx------  3 root root  4096 Feb 13 18:25 .thumbnails
drwx------ 11 root root  4096 Feb 14 16:51 .Trash
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  1346 Feb 14 20:54 .xsession-errors
[root@localhost ~]# ls --version
ls (GNU coreutils) 5.97
Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software.  You may redistribute copies of it under the terms of
the GNU General Public License <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls>file1
[root@localhost Desktop]# cate file1
bash: cate: command not found
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file1
fcitx-3.6.3.tar.tar
file
file~
file1
file1~
file2
file2~
file2.zip
file.tar.gz
folder
 folder1
folder2
folder3
folder4
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file2
a
hi
who are you
???
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls>>file2
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file2
a
hi
who are you
???
fcitx-3.6.3.tar.tar
file
file~
file1
file1~
file2
file2~
file2.zip
file.tar.gz
folder
 folder1
folder2
folder3
folder4
9.sort
[root@localhost Desktop]# sort file2
1
5
8
9
9
[root@localhost Desktop]# sort file2
a
b
c
h
j
[root@localhost Desktop]# sort -d file2
???
hi
i am ann
who are you
10.uniq
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file2
you are beautiful
you are beautiful
you are a boy
why
[root@localhost Desktop]# uniq file2
you are beautiful
you are a boy
why

11.tar
[root@localhost Desktop]# tar -cvf /root/Desktop/folder.tar folder
folder/
folder/folder/
folder/folder/new m,mmfile
folder/untitled folder 2/
folder/new file
folder/file2
folder/untitled folder 3/
folder/untitled folder 1/
[root@localhost Desktop]# tar -zcvf /root/Desktop/folder.tar folder
folder/
folder/folder/
folder/folder/new m,mmfile
folder/untitled folder 2/
folder/new file
folder/file2
folder/untitled folder 3/
folder/untitled folder 3/file2
folder/untitled folder 1/
[root@localhost Desktop]# tar -jcvf /root/Desktop/folder.tar folder
folder/
folder/folder/
folder/folder/new m,mmfile
folder/untitled folder 2/
folder/new file
folder/file2
folder/untitled folder 3/
folder/untitled folder 3/file2
folder/untitled folder 1/
12.gzip
[root@localhost folder]# gzip *
gzip: file2.gz already has .gz suffix -- unchanged
gzip: folder is a directory -- ignored
gzip: new file.gz already has .gz suffix -- unchanged
gzip: untitled folder 1 is a directory -- ignored
gzip: untitled folder 2 is a directory -- ignored
gzip: untitled folder 3 is a directory -- ignored
[root@localhost folder]# gzip -dv *
file2.gz:        38.9% -- replaced with file2
gzip: folder is a directory -- ignored
[root@localhost folder]# ls
file2  folder
[root@localhost folder]# gzip -l *

gzip: file2: not in gzip format
gzip: folder is a directory -- ignored
[root@localhost Desktop]# gzip file.tar
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls
file  file.tar.gz  folder
13.unzip
[root@localhost Desktop]# unzip file2.zip
Archive:  file2.zip
  inflating: crash.dmp              
  inflating: errorlog.txt  
[root@localhost Desktop]# unzip -n file2.zip -d /folder
Archive:  file2.zip
  inflating: /folder/crash.dmp      
  inflating: /folder/errorlog.txt 
[root@localhost Desktop]# unzip -v file2.zip
Archive:  file2.zip
 Length   Method    Size  Ratio   Date   Time   CRC-32    Name
--------  ------  ------- -----   ----   ----   ------    ----
   55722  Defl:N    18957  66%  02-06-12 20:14  321fd8fc  crash.dmp
     556  Defl:N      345  38%  02-06-12 20:15  9e9875be  errorlog.txt
--------          -------  ---                            -------
   56278            19302  66%                            2 files
14.chmod
[root@localhost Desktop]# chmod u+r file
[root@localhost Desktop]# chmod go-r file
[root@localhost Desktop]# su a
[a@localhost Desktop]$ cd file
bash: cd: file: Permission denied
(as same as
[root@localhost Desktop]# chmod u+rw,og-rw file
)
15.chgrp
[root@localhost Desktop]# chgrp users file
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls -l
total 56
-rw------- 1 root users  3605 Feb  9 23:53 file
-rw------- 1 root root   3346 Feb  9 01:29 file~
-rwxrw-rw- 1 root root  19808 Feb  6 20:15 file2.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    510 Feb  9 00:39 file.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root   4096 Feb  9 00:36 folder
16.passwd
[root@localhost ~]# passwd a
Changing password for user a.
New UNIX password:
17.su
[root@localhost ~]# su a
[a@localhost root]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost ~]#
[a@localhost root]$ su - a
Password:
18.wall
[root@localhost ~]# wall hi

Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Fri Feb 10 00:25:54 2012):

hi
[root@localhost ~]# wall 'hi handsun guy'

Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Fri Feb 10 00:26:31 2012):

hi handsun guy
[root@localhost ~]# cd /root/Desktop/
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file1
hi,pretty girl
[root@localhost Desktop]# wall file1

Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Fri Feb 10 00:30:11 2012):

file1
19.write
[a@localhost root]$ su - a
Password:
[a@localhost ~]$ write root pts/2

Message from [e-mail] (as a) on pts/2 at 01:17 ...
EOF
[a@localhost ~]$ write root
hello baby
[a@localhost ~]$
[root@localhost ~]#
Message from [e-mail] (as a) on pts/2 at 01:20 ...
hello baby
20.mesg
[root@localhost ~]# mesg
is y
[root@localhost ~]# mesg n
[root@localhost ~]# mesg
is n
21.sync
[root@localhost ~]# sync
[root@localhost ~]#
22.shutdown
[root@localhost ~]# shutdown -r +10

Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Mon Feb 13 17:44:48 2012):

The system is going DOWN for reboot in 10 minutes!

Shutdown cancelled.
23.free
[root@localhost ~]# free -k
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        515308     508936       6372          0      29148     348808
-/+ buffers/cache:     130980     384328
Swap:      1044184          0    1044184
[root@localhost ~]# free -m
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:           503        497          6          0         28        340
-/+ buffers/cache:        127        375
Swap:         1019          0       1019
24.uptime
[root@localhost ~]# uptime
 18:04:02 up 32 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.25, 0.15, 0.18
25.df
[root@localhost ~]# df -k
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2              3960348   1955460   1800464  53% /
/dev/sda3             15289132    170356  14329584   2% /home
/dev/sda1                46633     10688     33537  25% /boot
tmpfs                   257652         0    257652   0% /dev/shm
.host:/               52548612   3776928  48771684   8% /mnt/hgfs
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
26.du
[root@localhost ~]# du -kb Desktop
4096    Desktop/folder/folder
8249    Desktop/folder
42320   Desktop
27.echo
[root@localhost folder]# echo hi
hi
28.cal
[root@localhost folder]# cal
   February 2012   
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
          1  2  3  4
 5  6  7  8  9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29
29.date
[root@localhost folder]# date
Mon Feb 13 19:05:46 PST 2012
30.clear
31.who
[root@localhost ~]# who
root     :0           2012-02-13 23:31
root     pts/1        2012-02-13 23:32 (:0.0)
[root@localhost ~]# who am i
root     pts/1        2012-02-13 23:32 (:0.0)
32.history
33.alias
[root@localhost ~]# alias folder="cd /root/Desktop/folder"
[root@localhost ~]# folder
[root@localhost folder]#
[root@localhost folder]# unalias folder
[root@localhost folder]# cd ../..
[root@localhost ~]# folder
bash: folder: command not found
34.PS1 PS2
[root@localhost]PS1="[\u@\h\t]"
[root@localhost00:11:12]cal
35.*
[root@localhost16:12:09]rm /root/Desktop/new*
rm: remove regular file `/root/Desktop/new file'? y
rm: remove regular file `/root/Desktop/new file 1'? n
36.?
[root@localhost16:12:09]rm /root/Desktop/new*
rm: remove regular file `/root/Desktop/new file'? y
rm: remove regular file `/root/Desktop/new file 1'? n
37.[]
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls folder[1-4]
folder2:

folder3:

folder4:
38.find
[root@localhost ~]# find /root/Desktop/ -name "folder" -print
/root/Desktop/folder
/root/Desktop/folder/folder
[root@localhost ~]# find /root/Desktop/ -size +8 -print
/root/Desktop/file~
/root/Desktop/fcitx-3.6.3.tar.tar
/root/Desktop/file2.zip
/root/Desktop/file
[root@localhost ~]# find /root/Desktop/ -size -8 -print
/root/Desktop/folder/folder/new m,mmfile
/root/Desktop/folder/file2.gz
/root/Desktop/file2
/root/Desktop/file.tar.gz
/root/Desktop/file1
/root/Desktop/file1~
[root@localhost ~]# find /root/Desktop/ -name file* -size -8 -print
/root/Desktop/folder/file2.gz
/root/Desktop/file2
/root/Desktop/file.tar.gz
/root/Desktop/file1
/root/Desktop/file1~
39.cat
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat -en file2
     1  hi$
     2  i am ann$
     3  who are you$
     4  ???$
40.grep
[root@localhost Desktop]# grep -n "cat" file
86:[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file2
204:[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file1
340:39.cat
341:[root@localhost Desktop]# cat -en file2
[root@localhost Desktop]# grep -c "cat" file
4
[root@localhost Desktop]# ls|grep -v "hi" file2
i am ann
who are you
???
[root@localhost Desktop]#
[root@localhost Desktop]# grep -v "hi" file2
i am ann
who are you
???
41.comm
[root@localhost Desktop]# comm -12 file1 file2
a
[root@localhost Desktop]# comm -23 file1 file2
b
c
d
hi,pretty girl
[root@localhost Desktop]# comm -123 file1 file2
42.diff
[root@localhost Desktop]# diff file1 file2
2,5c2,4
< b
< c
< d
< hi,pretty girl
---
> hi
> who are you
> ???
43.wc
[root@localhost Desktop]# wc -lcw file2
 4  6 21 file2
[root@localhost Desktop]# wc -lcw file1
 5  6 23 file1
[root@localhost Desktop]# wc<<!
> k
> l
> l
> f
> d
> !
 5  5 10
44.guandao
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file1
hi
boys
nice to meet you
[root@localhost Desktop]# cat file1|grep 'n'|wc -l
1
45.whereis
[root@localhost ~]# whereis cd
cd: /usr/share/man/man1p/cd.1p.gz /usr/share/man/man1/cd.1.gz
[root@localhost ~]# whereis -b cd
cd:
[root@localhost ~]# whereis -m cd
cd: /usr/share/man/man1p/cd.1p.gz /usr/share/man/man1/cd.1.gz
[root@localhost ~]# whereis -s cd
cd:
[root@localhost ~]# whereis -u cd
cd: /usr/share/man/man1p/cd.1p.gz /usr/share/man/man1/cd.1.gz