略知能源

来源:互联网 发布:单片机开发 编辑:程序博客网 时间:2024/04/28 15:54

        我们时常关注着能源方面的事,因为我们一直被告知,石油快被用完,煤炭也开采不了多少年了,并且国家之间也为争取具有能源潜力的疆域常引发冲突,留给我们的印象是能源真的是顶重要的事了。

        能源的重要性不言而喻,大家都在想办法寻找更多的能源。除了化石能源外,都在开发新的取之不尽用之不竭的能源,以备我们能永久使用。其中之一的是美国的劳伦斯·利沃莫尔国家实验室进行的国家点火机构(NIF)人造太阳的实验,其目的是人工实现受控的热核聚变,以此产生的热驱动电厂,原料是海水,如果成功,人们就可以有永远用不完的资源了。美国的这个实验,用192束高能激光同时精密集中轰击中心的燃料靶的,使其在巨大能量作用下发生核聚变反应(类似太阳内部),放出热能,并且持续自我维持进行下去,通过换能装置驱动汽轮发电机组。这个实验正在进行,今年三月,取得了192束紫外激光靶室聚焦能量达到1.875兆焦的水平(用一个在230亿分之一秒长内产生一个411以兆瓦峰值功率的成形脉冲,这个能量是美国全国在任意时刻使用的峰值功率的1000倍以上),这个水平已经超过了国家点火机构的最初设计能力,为下一步的全能量实验做好了准备,计划在年内要进行全能量实验的。如果全能量实验成功的话(输出能量大于输入能量),能源的前景就会更光明。当然即使成功,到商业发电预测也还需20年的时间,因为这只是个雏形,还牵扯到燃料丸的补给等许多实际的问题和作为原料的几种同位素的一些捉摸不定的特性的探究等,因为在先前的实验中曾出现过未曾料想到的情况,后续的实验有可能也会碰到。同时有些科学家似乎也有对这种实验方式有不同的意见,大概是规模上的以及不同的实验方法方面的。不管怎么说,今年的实验能成功就是最好的。

        美国的劳伦斯·利沃莫尔国家实验室国家点火机构(NIF)的网址在此,实验的进行状况、装置的特征和各种相关内容都可以了解到。

https://lasers.llnl.gov/

        另外一种主要的就是正在数国进行的十几个tokamak核聚变试验了,以及正在进行的国际间的合作项目ITER(国际热核反应堆,在法国), 2008年始建,期望在2019年第一次能产生稳态等离子的500MW的实验,以及ITER后续的能持续运转的2000MW的DEMO(示范发电厂)项目了,预计其可能会在2024年开始建设。

        国际热核反应堆的网址在http://www.iter.org/,可参见其进展以及了解相应的示范发电厂的可能性了。

        正的方面讲,全球都在为解决能源问题而努力,不管有什么问题,最终肯定会成功的,因此,能源的前景是光明的。

        同时还有许多的个人也在进行着各种各样的研究工作,以期能找到一种合适的途径,发现新的用之不尽的能源。去年国外曾报道过意大利大学教授安德里亚·罗西(现居住在美国)的E-CAT系统,按照他的说明,这是一种能量催化器,属于冷聚变范围(常温聚变反应),因为前几年冷聚变的名声不好,现在为了把它和冷聚变区分开来,称其为LENR(即低能核反应)。他这个E-CAT装置,投入一些大概是起催化剂的作用的东西(镍和氢),在内部就会产生过多的热能,输出热能大于输入热能(演示之一输入300瓦输出2.3千瓦),内部的结构因为保密不得而知,但有意大利官方2011年4月的专利许可。他的方法没有使用放射性材料也不会产生放射性物质,他使用的是镍和氢。当关掉反应器20分钟后,各种辐射被热化掉,只留下镍和铜。大概就是被化掉的辐射产生出了多余的热。关于反应机理,还没有明确的理论,有几种探究可查相关关键词获知。但该教授演示过几种样品机器,据说有一套被某国军方买走(奥巴马在美国的一次演讲中提到海军正在进行研制的10万户供热系统项目,业内人士猜测和此有关)。绝大多数人对此持怀疑态度,认为是一种欺骗。因为该教授曾有过类似的欺诈史,再加上常温聚变的名声不好。但NASA有几位科学家根据实验认为是真实的,因为他们进行过类似的研究。现在罗西教授正在预售他的E-CAT系统。E-CAT的网址在http://ecat.com/,可以参阅及阅览各种评论,看能否判断出真假。

        去年MIT的几位学者发表过一篇有关全球能源的解决方案的文章,其核心是按照现在的能源消耗的方式计算,大概只要在占全球地面的1-2%的面积上建立光能发电和风能发电系统,再辅以现有的水电系统和现有的供电电网结构,就可以解决能源的需求了。因为主要消耗的化石能源的汽车发动机的效率只有26%,绝大部分都浪费掉了,改以电动机的话,效率在85%左右,总体的需求要降低许多。该论文提到,虽然理论上是这样的,但要具体实施困难是大的,因为要说服各国的政要和行业巨头往这个方向改几乎是不可能的,同时也有许多对不稳定技术因素(绿色能源的环境条件制约)的解决问题。

        也许真正到了迫不得已需要解决的时候,人们才会改变自己的能源消耗观念。

        再者,美国在搞最先进的研究的同时,一般的利用绿色能源的工作也在进行,其对太阳能的利用应该是比较显著的。我们生产的光伏电池板大部分都出口到美国或西方国家了,由于人工成本的低廉,这些光伏电池板相对的廉价,使得美国本土的相应生产企业难以为继,不得不对我国出口的太阳光电池板施加种种限制,使国内的企业一定程度上出口受阻,产品大量积压,企业生存都有困难。从另一面讲,说明美国人对利用太阳能的重视和国内在这一方面的不足,这虽然和美国人的居住方式有关,一家一户的别墅形式比较多,架设太阳电池板方便等。但太阳光又不是只会照到美国和欧洲不会照到中国的,大家都有一样的太阳,为什么我们不会和他们一样利用呢?中国的城市郊区和农村住户和美国人的别墅享有一样的阳光权,只是没有利用罢了。把那些出口不掉的阳光电池转而供给给国内,充分的利用自然资源,各方面讲应该是一件好事。并且是不断会有回报的。比起买一辆轿车投入10万元左右、以后每年在它上面的花费不断增多来,投入几万元用于太阳发电装置以后只会不断减少你的支出,虽然这么做有些困难还要克服。


参考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_fusion

下面是NIF给美国国会的总结报告的评论,令人遗憾,至少再过三年才能找出原因


Agency Tells Congress That NIF Is Not Working

on12 December 2012, 12:25 PM 

The managers of the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a giant laser fusion lab in California, have admitted to Congress that they don't understand why the $3.5 billion machine is not working. And they cannot guarantee that it will ever work.

"At present, it is too early to assess whether or not ignition can be achieved at the National Ignition Facility," wrote Thomas P. D'Agostino, administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) in a report requested by Congress that was submitted last week.

NIF, which started operation in 2009 at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), attempts to create a burningfusion plasma—the same process that powers the stars—by blasting a small capsule of hydrogen fuel with a powerful laser. At the time, managers confidently predicted that they would be able to achieve ignition—a self-sustaining fusion burn that produces more energy than the laser pulse that sparked it—by 30 September 2012.


That deadline passed with NIF researchers still some way from their goal. Congress had mandated NNSA to submit a report within 2 months if that deadline was not met, explaining the barriers to success, how they could be overcome, and what impact the failure would have on the stockpile stewardship program. NIF's principle function is to help the agency maintain readiness of the U.S. nuclear arsenal by recreating miniature nuclear blasts so that researchers can verify their computer simulations and test components for blast-hardness.

The lab's 2-year program to achieve ignition, known as the National Ignition Campaign, relied heavily on work with earlier lasers and computer modeling to develop a design for the target and the shape of the laser pulse. Those models predicted that NIF should have achieved ignition by now. Although the laser itself, the diagnostic instruments, and the target fabrication have all met or exceeded specifications, the physics of the implosions was unexpected. "Experimental data demonstrate that the physics underlying ignition implosions are not predicted accurately by the simulation codes that were used to design ignition targets and to predict their performance," the report says.

"Mother nature kind of won on this one," says Mary Hockaday, deputy associate director for weapons physics at DOE's Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico and one of the lead authors of the report. "We've been humbled, but we haven't given up."

The NNSA report now proposes a 3-year program to better understand why the actual implosion does not agree with the models. And 3 years may not be enough. "The three-year plan culminates in a comprehensive review at the end of FY 2015. At that time, NNSA will have an assessment of the likelihood and schedule for achieving ignition," the report says.

Significantly, the report also says that the new program should explore alternatives to the indirect drive approach used at LLNL, in which the lasers are shone into a gold cylinder the size of a pencil eraser that surrounds the peppercorn-sized target. This "hohlraum" heats up, emits x-rays, and these compress the target. "There is already a qualitative understanding of the reasons for the NIF failure. Obtaining quantitative information will be difficult. There are severe limitations on what can be diagnosed inside the gold hohlraum," says a laser fusion expert who doesn't want to be identified.

Researchers at the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics have championed an alternative approach in which the laser beams shine directly onto the target capsule. The new program says more work should be done on this technique in case indirect drive proves impractical. Another backup could be a technique devised with the Z machine at DOE's third weapons lab, Sandia National Laboratory in New Mexico, which uses huge electrical pulses to crush fusion fuel magnetically.

The report says that the failure, thus far, to achieve ignition will not undermine the safety of current weapons. Results from the underground test program (which ended in 1992) combined with monitoring the condition of the weapons themselves assure their continued viability, the report states. What it does mean, however, is that NNSA will not be able to rely on computer models and simulation to predict the behavior of weapons it wishes to modify.

The next steps are up to Congress. Many legislators are concerned about the cost of operating NIF and have questioned its value for stockpile stewardship.

        据2013年2月22日新科学家期刊的报道,美国国家研究委员会(USNRC)向核融和开发者推荐了几种建议,包括寻找新型靶子、不同类型的激光器设计和用重离子束代替激光器等。通过氪和氟混合物发射电子束在短波产生明亮激光脉冲,这项技术还不太成熟,但如果能工作的话能比NIF的激光器更均匀的爆炸靶子;新型的光技术直接用氢发射激光脉冲而且看起来是压力均匀的,委员会要求用NIF的能级测试这个技术;用离子加速器发射重离子而完全不用激光器,这是在氢球上均匀扩散压力能量的最好方法,与LHC的类同重创大爆炸条件,粒子束能和激光一样有效的把能量传递给靶子,尽管目前我们能传递的远低于融和所要求的。当然还有磁约束的方式。