two articles about MySQL - LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN, INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN

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MySQL - LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN, INNER JOIN and OUTER JOIN

In a database such as MySQL, data is divided into a series of tables (the "why" is beyond what I'm writing today) which are then connected together in SELECT commands to generate the output required. I find when I'm running MySQL training, people often get confused between all the join flavours. Let me give you an example to see how it works.

If this isn't quite the question you're looking to have answered, we've got a MySQL IAQ (Infrequently Answered Questions that may help you

First, some sample data:
Mr Brown, Person number 1, has a phone number 01225 708225
Miss Smith, Person number 2, has a phone number 01225 899360
Mr Pullen, Person number 3, has a phone number 01380 724040
and also:
Person number 1 is selling property number 1 - Old House Farm
Person number 3 is selling property number 2 - The Willows
Person number 3 is (also) selling property number 3 - Tall Trees
Person number 3 is (also) selling property number 4 - The Melksham Florist
Person number 4 is selling property number 5 - Dun Roamin.

mysql> select * from demo_people;
+------------+--------------+------+
| name       | phone        | pid  |
+------------+--------------+------+
| Mr Brown   | 01225 708225 |    1 |
| Miss Smith | 01225 899360 |    2 |
| Mr Pullen  | 01380 724040 |    3 |
+------------+--------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from demo_property;
+------+------+----------------------+
| pid  | spid | selling              |
+------+------+----------------------+
|    1 |    1 | Old House Farm       |
|    3 |    2 | The Willows          |
|    3 |    3 | Tall Trees           |
|    3 |    4 | The Melksham Florist |
|    4 |    5 | Dun Roamin           |
+------+------+----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

If I do a regular JOIN (with none of the keywords INNER, OUTER, LEFT or RIGHT), then I get all records that match in the appropriate way in the two tables, and records in both incoming tables that do not match are not reported:

mysql> select name, phone, selling 
from demo_people join demo_property 
on demo_people.pid = demo_property.pid;
+-----------+--------------+----------------------+
| name      | phone        | selling              |
+-----------+--------------+----------------------+
| Mr Brown  | 01225 708225 | Old House Farm       |
| Mr Pullen | 01380 724040 | The Willows          |
| Mr Pullen | 01380 724040 | Tall Trees           |
| Mr Pullen | 01380 724040 | The Melksham Florist |
+-----------+--------------+----------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> 

If I do a LEFT JOIN, I get all records that match in the same way and IN ADDITION I get an extra record for each unmatched record in the left table of the join - thus ensuring (in my example) that every PERSON gets a mention:

mysql> select name, phone, selling 
from demo_people left join demo_property 
on demo_people.pid = demo_property.pid; 
+------------+--------------+----------------------+
| name       | phone        | selling              |
+------------+--------------+----------------------+
| Mr Brown   | 01225 708225 | Old House Farm       |
| Miss Smith | 01225 899360 | NULL                 |
| Mr Pullen  | 01380 724040 | The Willows          |
| Mr Pullen  | 01380 724040 | Tall Trees           |
| Mr Pullen  | 01380 724040 | The Melksham Florist |
+------------+--------------+----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

If I do a RIGHT JOIN, I get all the records that match and IN ADDITION I get an extra record for each unmatched record in the right table of the join - im my example, that means that each property gets a mention even if we don't have seller details:

mysql> select name, phone, selling 
from demo_people right join demo_property 
on demo_people.pid = demo_property.pid;
+-----------+--------------+----------------------+
| name      | phone        | selling              |
+-----------+--------------+----------------------+
| Mr Brown  | 01225 708225 | Old House Farm       |
| Mr Pullen | 01380 724040 | The Willows          |
| Mr Pullen | 01380 724040 | Tall Trees           |
| Mr Pullen | 01380 724040 | The Melksham Florist |
| NULL      | NULL         | Dun Roamin           |
+-----------+--------------+----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> 

An INNER JOIN does a full join, just like the first example, and the word OUTER may be added after the word LEFT or RIGHT in the last two examples - it's provided for ODBC compatability and doesn't add an extra capabilities.

Extra link to three way join in solution centre (would have added that link in the comment except that it "spam trapped! 

下面这个简单的教程来自www.w3schools.com这个网站,很不错的网站!

SQL JOIN

---

Joins and Keys

Sometimes we have to select data from two or more tables to make our result complete. We have to perform a join.

Tables in a database can be related to each other with keys. A primary key is a column with a unique value for each row. Each primary key value must be unique within the table. The purpose is to bind data together, across tables, without repeating all of the data in every table.

In the "Employees" table below, the "Employee_ID" column is the primary key, meaning that no two rows can have the same Employee_ID. The Employee_ID distinguishes two persons even if they have the same name.

When you look at the example tables below, notice that: 

• The "Employee_ID" column is the primary key of the "Employees" table
• The "Prod_ID" column is the primary key of the "Orders" table
• The "Employee_ID" column in the "Orders" table is used to refer to the persons in the "Employees" table without using their names

---

Employees:

Employee_ID Name 01 Hansen, Ola 02 Svendson, Tove 03 Svendson, Stephen 04 Pettersen, Kari

Orders:

Prod_ID Product Employee_ID 234 Printer 01 657 Table 03 865 Chair 03

---

Referring to Two Tables

We can select data from two tables by referring to two tables, like this:

Example

Who has ordered a product, and what did they order?

SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.ProductFROM Employees, OrdersWHERE Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

Result

Name Product Hansen, Ola Printer Svendson, Stephen Table Svendson, Stephen Chair

Example

Who ordered a printer?

SELECT Employees.NameFROM Employees, OrdersWHERE Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_IDAND Orders.Product='Printer'

Result

Name Hansen, Ola

---

Using Joins

OR we can select data from two tables with the JOIN keyword, like this:

Example INNER JOIN

Syntax

SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM first_tableINNER JOIN second_tableON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

Who has ordered a product, and what did they order?

SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesINNER JOIN OrdersON Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

The INNER JOIN returns all rows from both tables where there is a match. If there are rows in Employees that do not have matches in Orders, those rows will not be listed.

Result

Name Product Hansen, Ola Printer Svendson, Stephen Table Svendson, Stephen Chair

Example LEFT JOIN

Syntax

SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM first_tableLEFT JOIN second_tableON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

List all employees, and their orders - if any.

SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesLEFT JOIN OrdersON Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

The LEFT JOIN returns all the rows from the first table (Employees), even if there are no matches in the second table (Orders). If there are rows in Employees that do not have matches in Orders, those rows also will be listed.

Result

Name Product Hansen, Ola Printer Svendson, Tove   Svendson, Stephen Table Svendson, Stephen Chair Pettersen, Kari  

Example RIGHT JOIN

Syntax

SELECT field1, field2, field3FROM first_tableRIGHT JOIN second_tableON first_table.keyfield = second_table.foreign_keyfield

List all orders, and who has ordered - if any.

SELECT Employees.Name, Orders.ProductFROM EmployeesRIGHT JOIN OrdersON Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_ID

The RIGHT JOIN returns all the rows from the second table (Orders), even if there are no matches in the first table (Employees). If there had been any rows in Orders that did not have matches in Employees, those rows also would have been listed.

Result

Name Product Hansen, Ola Printer Svendson, Stephen Table Svendson, Stephen Chair

Example

Who ordered a printer?

SELECT Employees.NameFROM EmployeesINNER JOIN OrdersON Employees.Employee_ID=Orders.Employee_IDWHERE Orders.Product = 'Printer'

Result

Name Hansen, Ola