Linux 多线程编程（三）

转自：http://blog.csdn.net/anxuegang/article/details/6674201

 继续昨天的线程同步，条件变量（Condition Variables）是用于线程间，通信共享数据状态改变的机制。

简介条件变量的创建和销毁等待条件变量唤醒等待条件变量的线程

简介

        当线程互斥地访问一些共享的状态时，往往会有些线程需要等到这些状态改变后才应该继续执行。如：有一个共享的队列，一个线程往队列里面插入数据，另一个线程从队列中取数据，当队列为空的时候，后者应该等待队列里面有值才能取数据。而共享数据（队列）应该用mutex来保护，为了检查共享数据的状态（队列是否为空），线程必须先锁定mutex，然后检查，最后解锁mutex。

 

        问题出来了：当另外一个线程B锁定mutex后，往队列里面插入了一个值，B并不知道A在等着它往队列里面放入一个值。线程A（等待状态改变）一直在运行，线程A可能已经检查过队列是空的，并不知道队列里已经有值了，所以一直阻塞着自己。为了解决这样的问题引入了条件变量机制。线程A等待于一个条件变量，当线程B插入了一个值后，signal或broadcast这个条件变量，通知线程A状态已改变，A发现条件变量被signaled 了，就继续执行。就这样，当一个线程改变共享数据状态后，可以及时通知那些等待于该状态的线程。图示下：

 

        中间的矩形代表条件变量，当线程线位于矩形内，表示线程等待该条件变量。位于中心线下下方，则表示signal了该条件变量。处于低谷电平的属于等待状态，高电平的属于运行状态

        开始线程1 signal 了条件变量，由于没有其他线程等待于该条件变量，所以没什么效果。然后，线程1和线程2先后等待该条件变量，过了一会，线程3 signal了条件变量，线程3的信号解除了线程1的阻塞。然后，线程3等待该条件变量。最后线程1 broadcast了该条件变量，同时解除了等待于条件变量的线程1和线程2。???

 

条件变量的创建和销毁

pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;

int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t* cond, pthread_condattr_t* condattr);

int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t* cond);

 

和互斥量一样，可以动态创建和静态创建。

静态创建：条件变量声明为extern或static变量时。

例程：

#include <pthread.h>

#include "error.h"

typedef struct my_struct_tag {

        pthread_mutex_t mutex;

        pthread_cond_t cond;

        int value;

} my_struct_t;

my_struct_t data = {

        PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,

        PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER,

        0

};

int main() {

        return 0;

}

 

动态创建：一般情况下，条件变量要和它的判定条件定义在一起，此时若包含该条件变量的数据动态创建了，则条件变量也需要动态创建，不过记得不用时用pthread_cond_destroy销毁。

 

例程：

#include <pthread.h>
#include "error.h"
typedef struct my_struct_tag
{
        pthread_mutex_t mutex;
        pthread_cond_t cond;
        int value;
} my_struct_t;
int main()
{
        my_struct_t* data;
        data = (my_struct_t*)malloc(sizeof(my_struct_t));
        if(data == NULL)
                ERROR_ABORT(errno,"Allocate structure");
        int status;
        status = pthread_mutex_init(&data->mutex, NULL);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Initial mutex");
        status = pthread_cond_init(&data->cond, NULL);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Initial condition");
                /* .... */
        status = pthread_cond_destroy(&data->cond);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Destroy cond");
        status = pthread_mutex_destroy(&data->mutex);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Destroy mutex");
        free(data);
        return 0;
}

 

等待条件变量

int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t* cond, pthread_mutex_t* mutex);

int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t* cond, pthread_mutex_t* mutex, struct timespec* expiration);

 

    条件变量与互斥量一起使用，调用pthread_cond_wait或pthread_cond_timedwait时，记得在前面锁定mutex，尽可能多的判断判定条件。上面提到的两个等待条件变量的函数，显示解锁mutex，然后阻塞线程等待状态改变，等待的条件变量 signaled后，锁定mutex，返回。记着，这两个函数返回时，mutex一定是锁定的。

 

多个条件变量可以共享一个互斥变量，相反则不成立。

 

例程：

#include <pthread.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "error.h"
#include <errno.h>
typedef struct my_struct_tag
{
        pthread_mutex_t mutex;
        pthread_cond_t cond;
        int value;
} my_struct_t;
my_struct_t data = { PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER, 0};
int hibernation = 1;
void* wait_thread(void* arg)
{
        int  status;
        sleep(hibernation);
        status = pthread_mutex_lock(&data.mutex);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Lock mutex");
        data.value = 1;
        status = pthread_cond_signal(&data.cond);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Singal cond");
        status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&data.mutex);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex");
        return NULL;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
        pthread_t tid;
        int status;
        struct timespec timeout;
        if(argc > 1)
                hibernation = atoi(argv[1]);
        status = pthread_create(&tid, NULL, wait_thread, NULL);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Create wait thread");
        timeout.tv_sec = time(NULL) + 2;
        timeout.tv_nsec = 0;
        status = pthread_mutex_lock(&data.mutex);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Lock mutex");
        while(data.value == 0)
        {
                status = pthread_cond_timedwait(&data.cond, &data.mutex, &timeout); //等待被唤醒
                if(status == ETIMEDOUT)
                {
                           printf("Condition wait timed out.\n");
                           break;

                }

                else if(status != 0)

                        ERROR_ABORT(status, "timewait");
        }
        if(data.value != 0)
                printf("Condition wa signaled!\n");
        status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&data.mutex);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex");
}

唤醒等待条件变量的线程

int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t* cond);

int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t* cond);

        一但有线程由于某些判定条件（predicate）没满足，等待条件变量。我们就有必要当条件满足时，发送信号去唤醒这些线程。

注意：broadcast通常很容易被认为是signal的通用版，其实不能这样理解，准确一点应该说，signal是 broadcast的优化版。具体区别不大，但signal效率较broadcast高些。但你不确信有几个线程等待条件变量时用 broadcast（When in doubt, broadcast!）。

 

例程：

#include "error.h"
#include <pthread.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
typedef struct alarm_tag
{
        struct alarm_tag* link;
        int seconds;
        time_t time;
        char message[64];
} alarm_t;
pthread_mutex_t alarm_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
pthread_cond_t alarm_cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
alarm_t* alarm_list = NULL;
time_t current_alarm = 0;
/**
* alarm_mutex need to be locked  
*/
void alarm_insert(alarm_t* alarm)
{
        int status;
        alarm_t* next;
        alarm_t** last;
        last = &alarm_list;
         next = *last;
        while(next != NULL)
        {
                if(next->time >= alarm->time)
                {
                        alarm->link = next;
                        *last = alarm;
                        break;
                }
                last = &next->link;
                next = next->link;
        }
        if(next == NULL)

        {
        *last = alarm;
        alarm->link = NULL;
        }
        /*for test: output the list*/
        printf("[list: ");
        for(next = alarm_list; next != NULL; next = next->link)
        {
                printf("%d(%d)[\"%s\"]  ", next->time, next->time-time(NULL), next->message);
        }
        printf("]\n");
        if(current_alarm ==0  || alarm->time < current_alarm)
        {
                current_alarm = alarm->time;
                status = pthread_cond_signal(&alarm_cond);
                if(status != 0)
                        ERROR_ABORT(status,"Signal cond");
        }
}
void* alarm_thread(void* arg)
{
        alarm_t* alarm;
        int sleep_time;
        time_t now;
        int status, expired;
        struct timespec cond_time;
        while(1)
        {
                status = pthread_mutex_lock(&alarm_mutex);
                if(status != 0)
                        ERROR_ABORT(status, "lock");
                current_alarm = 0;
                while(alarm_list == NULL)
                {
                        status = pthread_cond_wait(&alarm_cond, &alarm_mutex);
                        if(status != 0 )
                                ERROR_ABORT(status, "Wait cond");
                }
                alarm = alarm_list;
                alarm_list = alarm->link;
                now = time(NULL);
                expired = 0;
                if(alarm->time > now)
                {
                        printf("[wating: %d(%d)\"%s\"]\n", alarm->time, alarm->time - time(NULL), alarm->message);
                        cond_time.tv_sec = alarm->time;
                        cond_time.tv_nsec = 0;
                        current_alarm = alarm->time;
                        while(current_alarm == alarm->time)
                        {
                                status = pthread_cond_timedwait(&alarm_cond, &alarm_mutex,&cond_time);
                                if(status == ETIMEDOUT)
                                {
                                        expired = 1;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        if(!expired)
                                alarm_insert(alarm);
                }else
                        expired = 1;
                if(expired)
                {
                        printf("(%d) %s\n", alarm->seconds, alarm->message);
                        free(alarm);
                }
                status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&alarm_mutex);
                if(status != 0)
                        ERROR_ABORT(status, "Unlock mutex");
        }
        return 0;
}
int main()
{
        pthread_t pid;
        int status;
        char line[128];
        status = pthread_create(&pid, NULL, alarm_thread, NULL);
        if(status != 0)
                ERROR_ABORT(status, "pthread_create");
        while(1)
        {
                fprintf(stdout, "Alarm>");
                fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin);
                if(strlen(line) <= 0)
                        continue;
                alarm_t* alarm = (alarm_t*)malloc(sizeof(alarm_t));
                if(alarm == NULL)
                        ERROR_ABORT(errno,"memory can't allocated!");
                if(sscanf(line, "%d %s", &alarm->seconds, alarm->message) != 2)
                {
                        printf("Bad Command\n");
                         free(alarm);
                        continue;
                }
                status = pthread_mutex_lock(&alarm_mutex);
                if(status != 0)
                        ERROR_ABORT(status, "pthread mutex locking..");
                alarm->time = time(NULL) + alarm->seconds;
                 /* insert into list*/
                alarm_insert(alarm);
                status = pthread_mutex_unlock(&alarm_mutex);
                if(status != 0)
                        ERROR_ABORT(status, "pthread mutex unlocking...");
        }
        return 0;
}