oracle-控制文件备份和恢复
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控制文件(control file)是数据库重要的文件，一旦其丢失将导致数据库宕机。控制文件在数据库的MOUNT阶段被读取，它记录着数据库许多重要的信息。因此控制文件的日常检查以及一些常规故障恢复方法就是需要我们必须要掌握的。
一、控制文件的查询
-->通过参数查询SYS@testdb>show parameter control_files;NAME TYPE VALUE------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------control_files string /oracle/ora10g/oradata/control 01.ctlSYS@testdb>col name format a30SYS@testdb>col value format a50SYS@testdb>select name,value from v$parameter where name='control_files';NAME VALUE------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------control_files /oracle/ora10g/oradata/control01.ctl-->通过v$controlfile视图查询SYS@testdb>col name for a40SYS@testdb>select name from v$controlfile;NAME----------------------------------------/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control01.ctl
控制文件记录内容查询，v$controlfile_record_section视图displays information about the control file record sections。
SYS@testdb>select * from v$controlfile_record_section;TYPE RECORD_SIZE RECORDS_TOTAL RECORDS_USED FIRST_INDEX LAST_INDEX LAST_RECID---------------------------- ----------- ------------- ------------ ----------- ---------- ----------DATABASE 316 1 1 0 0 0CKPT PROGRESS 8180 4 0 0 0 0REDO THREAD 256 1 1 0 0 0REDO LOG 72 5 5 0 0 9DATAFILE 428 100 11 0 0 46FILENAME 524 2275 15 0 0 0TABLESPACE 68 100 11 0 0 17TEMPORARY FILENAME 56 100 1 0 0 1RMAN CONFIGURATION 1108 50 2 0 0 12LOG HISTORY 56 292 30 1 30 30OFFLINE RANGE 200 163 0 0 0 0TYPE RECORD_SIZE RECORDS_TOTAL RECORDS_USED FIRST_INDEX LAST_INDEX LAST_RECID---------------------------- ----------- ------------- ------------ ----------- ---------- ----------ARCHIVED LOG 584 28 28 2 1 29BACKUP SET 40 409 58 1 58 58BACKUP PIECE 736 200 58 1 58 58BACKUP DATAFILE 116 282 134 1 134 134BACKUP REDOLOG 76 215 0 0 0 0DATAFILE COPY 660 223 48 1 48 48BACKUP CORRUPTION 44 371 0 0 0 0COPY CORRUPTION 40 409 0 0 0 0DELETED OBJECT 20 818 102 1 102 102PROXY COPY 852 211 0 0 0 0BACKUP SPFILE 36 454 41 1 41 41TYPE RECORD_SIZE RECORDS_TOTAL RECORDS_USED FIRST_INDEX LAST_INDEX LAST_RECID---------------------------- ----------- ------------- ------------ ----------- ---------- ----------DATABASE INCARNATION 56 292 3 1 3 3FLASHBACK LOG 84 2048 0 0 0 0RECOVERY DESTINATION 180 1 1 0 0 0INSTANCE SPACE RESERVATION 28 1055 1 0 0 0REMOVABLE RECOVERY FILES 32 1000 0 0 0 0RMAN STATUS 116 141 141 52 51 192THREAD INSTANCE NAME MAPPING 80 1 1 0 0 0MTTR 100 1 1 0 0 0DATAFILE HISTORY 568 57 0 0 0 0STANDBY DATABASE MATRIX 400 10 10 0 0 0GUARANTEED RESTORE POINT 212 2048 0 0 0 0TYPE RECORD_SIZE RECORDS_TOTAL RECORDS_USED FIRST_INDEX LAST_INDEX LAST_RECID---------------------------- ----------- ------------- ------------ ----------- ---------- ----------RESTORE POINT 212 2083 0 0 0 034 rows selected.
二、控制文件的备份方式
1、对控制文件进行镜像。
由于控制文件的重要性，在数据库中一般都配置3个控制文件镜像，这些镜像放置在不同的物理磁盘上，减少介质损坏的风险。从上面的信息可以看到，我们的数据库只有一个控制文件，这就需要我们进行控制文件的镜像操作。
-->关闭数据库SYS@testdb>shutdown immediateDatabase closed.Database dismounted.ORACLE instance shut down.-->使用主机cp 命令将控制文件复制到不同路径。我这里是简单的演示，所以都放到了相同路径下tempapp@ora10g[#/home/ora10g]cp /oracle/ora10g/oradata/control01.ctl /oracle/ora10g/oradata/control02.ctl-->修改control_files参数，将新控制文件路径加入SYS@testdb>create pfile='/home/ora10g/pfile_20140327.ora' from spfile;File created.-->使用vi命令修改control_files参数tempapp@ora10g[#/home/ora10g]vi pfile_20140327.ora"pfile_20140327.ora" 22 lines, 731 characters testdb.__db_cache_size=1644167168testdb.__java_pool_size=16777216testdb.__large_pool_size=16777216testdb.__shared_pool_size=452984832testdb.__streams_pool_size=0*.control_files='/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control01.ctl','/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control02.ctl'*.cursor_sharing='EXACT'*.db_file_multiblock_read_count=8# SMALL*.db_files=80# SMALLSYS@testdb>startup nomount pfile='/home/ora10g/pfile_20140327.ora';ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytesFixed Size 2168928 bytesVariable Size 496887712 bytesDatabase Buffers 1644167168 bytesRedo Buffers 4259840 bytesSYS@testdb>SYS@testdb>show parameter control_files;NAME TYPE VALUE------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------control_files string /oracle/ora10g/oradata/control 01.ctl, /oracle/ora10g/oradata /control02.ctlSYS@testdb>create spfile from pfile='/home/ora10g/pfile_20140327.ora';File created.SYS@testdb>shutdown abortORACLE instance shut down.SYS@testdb>SYS@testdb>startup mountORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytesFixed Size 2168928 bytesVariable Size 496887712 bytesDatabase Buffers 1644167168 bytesRedo Buffers 4259840 bytesDatabase mounted.SYS@testdb>SYS@testdb>alter database open;Database altered.SYS@testdb>col name for a50SYS@testdb>select name from v$controlfile;NAME--------------------------------------------------/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control01.ctl/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control02.ctl
2、备份控制文件到二进制文件
SYS@testdb>alter database backup controlfile to '/home/ora10g/controlfile_20140327.ora';Database altered.
3、备份控制文件到trace文件。这种方式将获取重建控制文件的脚本
SYS@testdb>alter database backup controlfile to trace;Database altered.SYS@testdb>oradebug setmypidStatement processed.SYS@testdb>oradebug tracefile_name/oracle/ora10g/admin/testdb/udump/testdb_ora_19847.trc-->从trace文件中，我们可以获取重建controlfile脚本，例如STARTUP NOMOUNTCREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "TESTDB" NORESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG MAXLOGFILES 5 MAXLOGMEMBERS 5 MAXDATAFILES 100 MAXINSTANCES 1 MAXLOGHISTORY 292LOGFILE GROUP 1 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo01.log' SIZE 100M, GROUP 2 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo02.log' SIZE 100M, GROUP 3 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo03.log' SIZE 100M-- STANDBY LOGFILEDATAFILE '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system01.dbf', '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/undotbs01.dbf', '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/sysaux01.dbf', '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/users01.dbf', '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system02.dbf'CHARACTER SET US7ASCII;
4、使用rman备份控制文件
-->在rman中我们可以设置controlfile的自动备份CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP FORMAT FOR DEVICE TYPE DISK TO '/ora_data/wangche/controlfile_%F';-->在进行全备时，controlfile将一同备份。RMAN> backup database format '/ora_data/backup/database_full_%U';Starting backup at 28-MAR-14using channel ORA_DISK_1channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupsetchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupsetinput datafile fno=00004 name=/oracle/ora10g/oradata/users01.dbfinput datafile fno=00008 name=/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system02.dbfinput datafile fno=00001 name=/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system01.dbfinput datafile fno=00003 name=/oracle/ora10g/oradata/sysaux01.dbfinput datafile fno=00002 name=/oracle/ora10g/oradata/undotbs01.dbfchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 28-MAR-14channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 28-MAR-14piece handle=/ora_data/backup/database_full_30p49ua4_1_1 tag=TAG20140328T083100 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:35Finished backup at 28-MAR-14-->controlfile被自动备份Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 28-MAR-14piece handle=/ora_data/wangche/controlfile_c-2622586788-20140328-00 comment=NONEFinished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 28-MAR-14-->使用rman命令来备份controlfileRMAN> backup current controlfile format '/ora_data/backup/controlfile_%U';Starting backup at 28-MAR-14using channel ORA_DISK_1channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupsetchannel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupsetincluding current control file in backupsetchannel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 28-MAR-14channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 28-MAR-14piece handle=/ora_data/backup/controlfile_33p49uh6_1_1 tag=TAG20140328T083446 comment=NONEchannel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02Finished backup at 28-MAR-14-->这里由于没有关闭controlfile的自动备份，所以controlfile被备份了2次Starting Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 28-MAR-14piece handle=/ora_data/wangche/controlfile_c-2622586788-20140328-01 comment=NONEFinished Control File and SPFILE Autobackup at 28-MAR-14
三、不同情况下控制文件的恢复方式
实践证明，主机异常掉电导致控制文件损坏的概率极高，所以系统中至少要保存两份控制文件，以防止单点故障。由于控制文件中保存了太多信息，所以因控制文件问题而导致数据库不能启动的故障很多，DBA应该熟练掌握重建控制文件的流程。
1、控制文件镜像丢失处理
-->模拟数据库宕机SYS@testdb>shutdown abortORACLE instance shut down.-->手工删除controlfile文件，模拟控制文件丢失tempapp@ora10g[#/home/ora10g]cd /oracle/ora10g/oradatatempapp@ora10g[#/oracle/ora10g/oradata]lscontrol01.ctl redo01.log redo03.log system01.dbf temp01.dbf users01.dbfcontrol02.ctl redo02.log sysaux01.dbf system02.dbf undotbs01.dbftempapp@ora10g[#/oracle/ora10g/oradata]rm -f control02.ctltempapp@ora10g[#/oracle/ora10g/oradata]lscontrol01.ctl redo01.log redo02.log redo03.log sysaux01.dbf system01.dbf system02.dbf temp01.dbf undotbs01.dbf users01.dbf-->启动数据库，报控制文件丢失SYS@testdb>startupORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytesFixed Size 2168928 bytesVariable Size 496887712 bytesDatabase Buffers 1644167168 bytesRedo Buffers 4259840 bytesORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info-->从alert log中，我们能够获得更详细的信息。/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control02.ctl控制文件丢失。Fri Mar 28 08:40:26 2014ORA-00202: control file: '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control02.ctl'ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusHP-UX Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3Fri Mar 28 08:40:26 2014ORA-205 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE MOUNT...-->使用镜像文件处理-->关闭数据库SYS@testdb>shutdown abortORACLE instance shut down.-->拷贝一份控制文件tempapp@ora10g[#/oracle/ora10g/oradata]cp control01.ctl control02.ctltempapp@ora10g[#/oracle/ora10g/oradata]lscontrol01.ctl redo01.log redo03.log system01.dbf temp01.dbf users01.dbfcontrol02.ctl redo02.log sysaux01.dbf system02.dbf undotbs01.dbf-->重新启动数据库SYS@testdb>startup mountORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytesFixed Size 2168928 bytesVariable Size 496887712 bytesDatabase Buffers 1644167168 bytesRedo Buffers 4259840 bytesDatabase mounted.SYS@testdb>alter database open;Database altered.
2、所有控制文件损坏但存在二进制文件备份
-->备份controlfileSYS@testdb>alter database backup controlfile to '/home/ora10g/controlfile_20140328.ora';Database altered.-->关闭数据库SYS@testdb>shutdown immediateDatabase closed.Database dismounted.ORACLE instance shut down.-->删除全部controlfile，模拟controlfile全部丢失情况tempapp@ora10g[#/oracle/ora10g/oradata]mv control0*.ctl /home/ora10g/-->启动数据库SYS@testdb>startup mountORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytesFixed Size 2168928 bytesVariable Size 496887712 bytesDatabase Buffers 1644167168 bytesRedo Buffers 4259840 bytesORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info-->从alert log 中，我们同样可以获得相关信息Fri Mar 28 08:49:10 2014ORA-00202: control file: '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control01.ctl'ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusHP-UX Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3Fri Mar 28 08:49:10 2014ORA-205 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE MOUNT...-->关闭数据库SYS@testdb>shutdown abortORACLE instance shut down.-->使用tempapp@ora10g[#/home/ora10g]cp controlfile_20140328.ora /oracle/ora10g/oradata/control01.ctltempapp@ora10g[#/home/ora10g]cp controlfile_20140328.ora /oracle/ora10g/oradata/control02.ctl-->启动数据库SYS@testdb>startup mountORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytesFixed Size 2168928 bytesVariable Size 496887712 bytesDatabase Buffers 1644167168 bytesRedo Buffers 4259840 bytesDatabase mounted.SYS@testdb>SYS@testdb>alter database open;alter database open*ERROR at line 1:ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database openSYS@testdb>alter database open resetlogs;alter database open resetlogs*ERROR at line 1:ORA-01152: file 1 was not restored from a sufficiently old backupORA-01110: data file 1: '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system01.dbf'-->执行恢复SYS@testdb>SELECT controlfile_type, controlfile_sequence#, controlfile_change#,controlfile_time,open_resetlogs FROM v$database; CONTROL CONTROLFILE_SEQUENCE# CONTROLFILE_CHANGE# CONTROLFI OPEN_RESETL------- --------------------- ------------------- --------- -----------BACKUP 4267 2013290 28-MAR-14 ALLOWEDSYS@testdb>recover database until cancel using backup controlfile;ORA-00279: change 2013290 generated at 03/28/2014 08:43:23 needed for thread 1ORA-00289: suggestion : /oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_11_842202065.dbfORA-00280: change 2013290 for thread 1 is in sequence #11Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}ORA-00308: cannot open archived log '/oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_11_842202065.dbf'ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusHP-UX Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3ORA-01547: warning: RECOVER succeeded but OPEN RESETLOGS would get error belowORA-01152: file 1 was not restored from a sufficiently old backupORA-01110: data file 1: '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system01.dbf'SYS@testdb>recover database using backup controlfile;ORA-00279: change 2013290 generated at 03/28/2014 08:43:23 needed for thread 1ORA-00289: suggestion : /oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_11_842202065.dbfORA-00280: change 2013290 for thread 1 is in sequence #11Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}ORA-00308: cannot open archived log '/oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_11_842202065.dbf'ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusHP-UX Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3SYS@testdb>SYS@testdb>recover database using backup controlfile;ORA-00279: change 2013290 generated at 03/28/2014 08:43:23 needed for thread 1ORA-00289: suggestion : /oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_11_842202065.dbfORA-00280: change 2013290 for thread 1 is in sequence #11Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}ORA-00308: cannot open archived log '/oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_11_842202065.dbf'ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusHP-UX Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3SYS@testdb>recover databae;ORA-00905: missing keyword===> 这块，我的操作有错误，在提示Specify log:===> 我需要输入当前redo log file即可。tempapp@ora10g[#/home/ora10g]rman target /Recovery Manager: Release 10.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Mar 28 09:37:03 2014Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle. All rights reserved.connected to target database: TESTDB (DBID=2622586788, not open)RMAN> recover database;Starting recover at 28-MAR-14using target database control file instead of recovery catalogallocated channel: ORA_DISK_1channel ORA_DISK_1: sid=154 devtype=DISKstarting media recoveryarchive log thread 1 sequence 11 is already on disk as file /oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo02.logarchive log filename=/oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo02.log thread=1 sequence=11media recovery complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03Finished recover at 28-MAR-14RMAN> exitRecovery Manager complete.SYS@testdb>SYS@testdb>alter database open resetlogs;Database altered.SYS@testdb>>
3、所有控制文件损坏但存在RMAN备份
-->关闭后删除全部控制文件-->RMAN> startup mountOracle instance startedRMAN-00571: ===========================================================RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============RMAN-00571: ===========================================================RMAN-03002: failure of startup command at 03/28/2014 09:51:49ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info-->RMAN> shutdown abortusing target database control file instead of recovery catalogOracle instance shut downRMAN> startup nomountconnected to target database (not started)Oracle instance startedTotal System Global Area 2147483648 bytesFixed Size 2168928 bytesVariable Size 496887712 bytesDatabase Buffers 1644167168 bytesRedo Buffers 4259840 bytes-->RMAN> restore controlfile from '/ora_data/backup/controlfile_33p49uh6_1_1';Starting restore at 28-MAR-14using channel ORA_DISK_1channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control filechannel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03output filename=/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control01.ctloutput filename=/oracle/ora10g/oradata/control02.ctlFinished restore at 28-MAR-14RMAN> alter database mount;database mountedreleased channel: ORA_DISK_1-->SYS@testdb>select * from v$log; GROUP# THREAD# SEQUENCE# BYTES MEMBERS ARC STATUS FIRST_CHANGE# FIRST_TIM---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --- ---------------- ------------- --------- 1 1 10 104857600 1 NO CURRENT 1960269 27-MAR-14 3 1 9 104857600 1 YES INACTIVE 1933272 27-MAR-14 2 1 8 104857600 1 YES INACTIVE 1895969 26-MAR-14 GROUP# STATUS TYPE MEMBER IS_---------- ------- ------- ---------------------------------------- --- 1 ONLINE /oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo01.log NO 2 STALE ONLINE /oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo02.log NO 3 STALE ONLINE /oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo03.log NOSYS@testdb>select file#,name,status from v$datafile; FILE# NAME STATUS---------- -------------------------------------------------- ------- 1 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/system01.dbf SYSTEM 2 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/undotbs01.dbf ONLINE 3 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/sysaux01.dbf ONLINE 4 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/users01.dbf ONLINE 8 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/system02.dbf SYSTEMSYS@testdb>recover database until cancel using backup controlfile;ORA-00283: recovery session canceled due to errorsORA-19909: datafile 1 belongs to an orphan incarnationORA-01110: data file 1: '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system01.dbf'-->重启主机到nomount状态SYS@testdb>startup nomountORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 2147483648 bytesFixed Size 2168928 bytesVariable Size 496887712 bytesDatabase Buffers 1644167168 bytesRedo Buffers 4259840 bytes-->重建控制文件SYS@testdb>CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "TESTDB" NORESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG 2 MAXLOGFILES 5 3 MAXLOGMEMBERS 5 4 MAXDATAFILES 100 5 MAXINSTANCES 1 6 MAXLOGHISTORY 292 7 LOGFILE 8 GROUP 1 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo01.log' SIZE 100M, 9 GROUP 2 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo02.log' SIZE 100M, 10 GROUP 3 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo03.log' SIZE 100M 11 -- STANDBY LOGFILE 12 DATAFILE 13 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system01.dbf', 14 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/undotbs01.dbf', 15 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/sysaux01.dbf', 16 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/users01.dbf', 17 '/oracle/ora10g/oradata/system02.dbf' 18 CHARACTER SET US7ASCII;Control file created.SYS@testdb>select file#,name ,status from v$datafile; FILE# NAME STATUS---------- -------------------------------------------------- ------- 1 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/system01.dbf SYSTEM 2 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/undotbs01.dbf ONLINE 3 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/sysaux01.dbf ONLINE 4 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/users01.dbf ONLINE 8 /oracle/ora10g/oradata/system02.dbf SYSTEMSYS@testdb>recover database until cancel using backup controlfile;ORA-00279: change 2014055 generated at 03/28/2014 12:20:59 needed for thread 1ORA-00289: suggestion : /oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_1_843394633.dbfORA-00280: change 2014055 for thread 1 is in sequence #1Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}/oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_1_843394633.dbfORA-00308: cannot open archived log '/oracle/ora10g/archlog/1_1_843394633.dbf'ORA-27037: unable to obtain file statusHP-UX Error: 2: No such file or directoryAdditional information: 3Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}/oracle/ora10g/oradata/redo01.logLog applied.Media recovery complete.SYS@testdb>SYS@testdb>alter database open resetlogs;Database altered.SYS@testdb>0 0
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