前缀、中缀、后缀表达式

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http://blog.csdn.net/antineutrino/article/details/6763722

它们都是对表达式的记法,因此也被称为前缀记法、中缀记法和后缀记法。它们之间的区别在于运算符相对与操作数的位置不同:前缀表达式的运算符位于与其相关的操作数之前;中缀和后缀同理。

举例:
(3 + 4) × 5 - 6 就是中缀表达式
- × + 3 4 5 6 前缀表达式
3 4 + 5 × 6 - 后缀表达式

中缀表达式(中缀记法)
中缀表达式是一种通用的算术或逻辑公式表示方法,操作符以中缀形式处于操作数的中间。中缀表达式是人们常用的算术表示方法。
虽然人的大脑很容易理解与分析中缀表达式,但对计算机来说中缀表达式却是很复杂的,因此计算表达式的值时,通常需要先将中缀表达式转换为前缀或后缀表达式,然后再进行求值。对计算机来说,计算前缀或后缀表达式的值非常简单。

前缀表达式(前缀记法、波兰式)
前缀表达式的运算符位于操作数之前。

前缀表达式的计算机求值:
从右至左扫描表达式,遇到数字时,将数字压入堆栈,遇到运算符时,弹出栈顶的两个数,用运算符对它们做相应的计算(栈顶元素 op 次顶元素),并将结果入栈;重复上述过程直到表达式最左端,最后运算得出的值即为表达式的结果。
例如前缀表达式“- × + 3 4 5 6”:
(1) 从右至左扫描,将6、5、4、3压入堆栈;
(2) 遇到+运算符,因此弹出3和4(3为栈顶元素,4为次顶元素,注意与后缀表达式做比较),计算出3+4的值,得7,再将7入栈;
(3) 接下来是×运算符,因此弹出7和5,计算出7×5=35,将35入栈;
(4) 最后是-运算符,计算出35-6的值,即29,由此得出最终结果。
可以看出,用计算机计算前缀表达式的值是很容易的。

将中缀表达式转换为前缀表达式:
遵循以下步骤:
(1) 初始化两个栈:运算符栈S1和储存中间结果的栈S2;
(2) 从右至左扫描中缀表达式;
(3) 遇到操作数时,将其压入S2;
(4) 遇到运算符时,比较其与S1栈顶运算符的优先级:
(4-1) 如果S1为空,或栈顶运算符为右括号“)”,则直接将此运算符入栈;
(4-2) 否则,若优先级比栈顶运算符的较高或相等,也将运算符压入S1;
(4-3) 否则,将S1栈顶的运算符弹出并压入到S2中,再次转到(4-1)与S1中新的栈顶运算符相比较;
(5) 遇到括号时:
(5-1) 如果是右括号“)”,则直接压入S1;
(5-2) 如果是左括号“(”,则依次弹出S1栈顶的运算符,并压入S2,直到遇到右括号为止,此时将这一对括号丢弃;
(6) 重复步骤(2)至(5),直到表达式的最左边;
(7) 将S1中剩余的运算符依次弹出并压入S2;
(8) 依次弹出S2中的元素并输出,结果即为中缀表达式对应的前缀表达式。
例如,将中缀表达式“1+((2+3)×4)-5”转换为前缀表达式的过程如下:

扫描到的元素S2(栈底->栈顶)S1 (栈底->栈顶)说明55数字,直接入栈-5-S1为空,运算符直接入栈)5- )右括号直接入栈45 4- )数字直接入栈×5 4- ) ×S1栈顶是右括号,直接入栈)5 4- ) × )右括号直接入栈35 4 3- ) × )数字+5 4 3- ) × ) +S1栈顶是右括号,直接入栈25 4 3 2- ) × ) +数字(5 4 3 2 +- ) ×左括号,弹出运算符直至遇到右括号(5 4 3 2 + ×-同上+5 4 3 2 + ×- +优先级与-相同,入栈15 4 3 2 + × 1- +数字到达最左端5 4 3 2 + × 1 + -S1中剩余的运算符
因此结果为“- + 1 × + 2 3 4 5”。

后缀表达式(后缀记法、逆波兰式)
后缀表达式与前缀表达式类似,只是运算符位于操作数之后。

后缀表达式的计算机求值:
与前缀表达式类似,只是顺序是从左至右:
从左至右扫描表达式,遇到数字时,将数字压入堆栈,遇到运算符时,弹出栈顶的两个数,用运算符对它们做相应的计算(次顶元素 op 栈顶元素),并将结果入栈;重复上述过程直到表达式最右端,最后运算得出的值即为表达式的结果。
例如后缀表达式“3 4 + 5 × 6 -”:
(1) 从左至右扫描,将3和4压入堆栈;
(2) 遇到+运算符,因此弹出4和3(4为栈顶元素,3为次顶元素,注意与前缀表达式做比较),计算出3+4的值,得7,再将7入栈;
(3) 将5入栈;
(4) 接下来是×运算符,因此弹出5和7,计算出7×5=35,将35入栈;
(5) 将6入栈;
(6) 最后是-运算符,计算出35-6的值,即29,由此得出最终结果。

将中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式:
与转换为前缀表达式相似,遵循以下步骤:
(1) 初始化两个栈:运算符栈S1和储存中间结果的栈S2;
(2) 从左至右扫描中缀表达式;
(3) 遇到操作数时,将其压入S2;
(4) 遇到运算符时,比较其与S1栈顶运算符的优先级:
(4-1) 如果S1为空,或栈顶运算符为左括号“(”,则直接将此运算符入栈;
(4-2) 否则,若优先级比栈顶运算符的高,也将运算符压入S1(注意转换为前缀表达式时是优先级较高或相同,而这里则不包括相同的情况);
(4-3) 否则,将S1栈顶的运算符弹出并压入到S2中,再次转到(4-1)与S1中新的栈顶运算符相比较;
(5) 遇到括号时:
(5-1) 如果是左括号“(”,则直接压入S1;
(5-2) 如果是右括号“)”,则依次弹出S1栈顶的运算符,并压入S2,直到遇到左括号为止,此时将这一对括号丢弃;
(6) 重复步骤(2)至(5),直到表达式的最右边;
(7) 将S1中剩余的运算符依次弹出并压入S2;
(8) 依次弹出S2中的元素并输出,结果的逆序即为中缀表达式对应的后缀表达式(转换为前缀表达式时不用逆序)。

例如,将中缀表达式“1+((2+3)×4)-5”转换为后缀表达式的过程如下:
扫描到的元素S2(栈底->栈顶)S1 (栈底->栈顶)说明11数字,直接入栈+1+S1为空,运算符直接入栈(1+ (左括号,直接入栈(1+ ( (同上21 2+ ( (数字+1 2+ ( ( +S1栈顶为左括号,运算符直接入栈31 2 3+ ( ( +数字)1 2 3 ++ (右括号,弹出运算符直至遇到左括号×1 2 3 ++ ( ×S1栈顶为左括号,运算符直接入栈41 2 3 + 4+ ( ×数字)1 2 3 + 4 ×+右括号,弹出运算符直至遇到左括号-1 2 3 + 4 × +--与+优先级相同,因此弹出+,再压入-51 2 3 + 4 × + 5-数字到达最右端1 2 3 + 4 × + 5 -S1中剩余的运算符

因此结果为“1 2 3 + 4 × + 5 -”(注意需要逆序输出)。

编写Java程序将一个中缀表达式转换为前缀表达式和后缀表达式,并计算表达式的值。其中的toPolishNotation()方法将中缀表达式转换为前缀表达式(波兰式)、toReversePolishNotation()方法则用于将中缀表达式转换为后缀表达式(逆波兰式):

注:
(1) 程序很长且注释比较少,但如果将上面的理论内容弄懂之后再将程序编译并运行起来,还是比较容易理解的。有耐心的话可以研究一下。(2) 此程序是笔者为了说明上述概念而编写,仅做了简单的测试,不保证其中没有Bug,因此不要将其用于除研究之外的其他场合。

下面是程序运行结果(绿色为用户输入):


package qmk.simple_test;import java.util.Scanner;import java.util.Stack;/** * Example of converting an infix-expression to * Polish Notation (PN) or Reverse Polish Notation (RPN). * Written in 2011-8-25 * @author QiaoMingkui */public class Calculator {      public static final String USAGE = "== usage ==\n"            + "input the expressions, and then the program "            + "will calculate them and show the result.\n"            + "input 'bye' to exit.\n";      /**       * @param args       */      public static void main(String[] args) {            System.out.println(USAGE);            Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);            String input = "";            final String CLOSE_MARK = "bye";            System.out.println("input an expression:");            input = scanner.nextLine();            while (input.length() != 0                  && !CLOSE_MARK.equals((input))) {                  System.out.print("Polish Notation (PN):");                  try {                        toPolishNotation(input);                  } catch (NumberFormatException e) {                        System.out.println("\ninput error, not a number.");                  } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {                        System.out.println("\ninput error:" + e.getMessage());                  } catch (Exception e) {                        System.out.println("\ninput error, invalid expression.");                  }                  System.out.print("Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):");                  try {                        toReversePolishNotation(input);                  } catch (NumberFormatException e) {                        System.out.println("\ninput error, not a number.");                  } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {                        System.out.println("\ninput error:" + e.getMessage());                  } catch (Exception e) {                        System.out.println("\ninput error, invalid expression.");                  }                  System.out.println("input a new expression:");                  input = scanner.nextLine();            }            System.out.println("program exits");      }      /**       * parse the expression , and calculate it.       * @param input       * @throws IllegalArgumentException       * @throws NumberFormatException       */      private static void toPolishNotation(String input)                  throws IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException {            int len = input.length();            char c, tempChar;            Stack<Character> s1 = new Stack<Character>();            Stack<Double> s2 = new Stack<Double>();            Stack<Object> expression = new Stack<Object>();            double number;            int lastIndex = -1;            for (int i=len-1; i>=0; --i) {                  c = input.charAt(i);                  if (Character.isDigit(c)) {                        lastIndex = readDoubleReverse(input, i);                        number = Double.parseDouble(input.substring(lastIndex, i+1));                        s2.push(number);                        i = lastIndex;                        if ((int) number == number)                              expression.push((int) number);                        else                              expression.push(number);                  } else if (isOperator(c)) {                        while (!s1.isEmpty()                                    && s1.peek() != ')'                                    && priorityCompare(c, s1.peek()) < 0) {                              expression.push(s1.peek());                              s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), s1.pop()));                        }                        s1.push(c);                  } else if (c == ')') {                        s1.push(c);                  } else if (c == '(') {                        while ((tempChar=s1.pop()) != ')') {                              expression.push(tempChar);                              s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), tempChar));                              if (s1.isEmpty()) {                                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(                                          "bracket dosen't match, missing right bracket ')'.");                              }                        }                  } else if (c == ' ') {                        // ignore                  } else {                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(                                    "wrong character '" + c + "'");                  }            }            while (!s1.isEmpty()) {                  tempChar = s1.pop();                  expression.push(tempChar);                  s2.push(calc(s2.pop(), s2.pop(), tempChar));            }            while (!expression.isEmpty()) {                  System.out.print(expression.pop() + " ");            }            double result = s2.pop();            if (!s2.isEmpty())                  throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is a wrong expression.");            System.out.println();            if ((int) result == result)                  System.out.println("the result is " + (int) result);            else                  System.out.println("the result is " + result);      }      /**       * parse the expression, and calculate it.       * @param input       * @throws IllegalArgumentException       * @throws NumberFormatException       */      private static void toReversePolishNotation(String input)                  throws IllegalArgumentException, NumberFormatException {            int len = input.length();            char c, tempChar;            Stack<Character> s1 = new Stack<Character>();            Stack<Double> s2 = new Stack<Double>();            double number;            int lastIndex = -1;            for (int i=0; i<len; ++i) {                  c = input.charAt(i);                  if (Character.isDigit(c) || c == '.') {                        lastIndex = readDouble(input, i);                        number = Double.parseDouble(input.substring(i, lastIndex));                        s2.push(number);                        i = lastIndex - 1;                        if ((int) number == number)                              System.out.print((int) number + " ");                        else                              System.out.print(number + " ");                  } else if (isOperator(c)) {                        while (!s1.isEmpty()                                    && s1.peek() != '('                                    && priorityCompare(c, s1.peek()) <= 0) {                              System.out.print(s1.peek() + " ");                              double num1 = s2.pop();                              double num2 = s2.pop();                              s2.push(calc(num2, num1, s1.pop()));                        }                        s1.push(c);                  } else if (c == '(') {                        s1.push(c);                  } else if (c == ')') {                        while ((tempChar=s1.pop()) != '(') {                              System.out.print(tempChar + " ");                              double num1 = s2.pop();                              double num2 = s2.pop();                              s2.push(calc(num2, num1, tempChar));                              if (s1.isEmpty()) {                                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(                                          "bracket dosen't match, missing left bracket '('.");                              }                        }                  } else if (c == ' ') {                        // ignore                  } else {                        throw new IllegalArgumentException(                                    "wrong character '" + c + "'");                  }            }            while (!s1.isEmpty()) {                  tempChar = s1.pop();                  System.out.print(tempChar + " ");                  double num1 = s2.pop();                  double num2 = s2.pop();                  s2.push(calc(num2, num1, tempChar));            }            double result = s2.pop();            if (!s2.isEmpty())                  throw new IllegalArgumentException("input is a wrong expression.");            System.out.println();            if ((int) result == result)                  System.out.println("the result is " + (int) result);            else                  System.out.println("the result is " + result);      }      /**       * calculate the two number with the operation.       * @param num1       * @param num2       * @param op       * @return       * @throws IllegalArgumentException       */      private static double calc(double num1, double num2, char op)                  throws IllegalArgumentException {            switch (op) {            case '+':                  return num1 + num2;            case '-':                  return num1 - num2;            case '*':                  return num1 * num2;            case '/':                  if (num2 == 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("divisor can't be 0.");                  return num1 / num2;            default:                  return 0; // will never catch up here            }      }      /**       * compare the two operations' priority.       * @param c       * @param peek       * @return       */      private static int priorityCompare(char op1, char op2) {            switch (op1) {            case '+': case '-':                  return (op2 == '*' || op2 == '/' ? -1 : 0);            case '*': case '/':                  return (op2 == '+' || op2 == '-' ? 1 : 0);            }            return 1;      }      /**       * read the next number (reverse)       * @param input       * @param start       * @return       * @throws IllegalArgumentException       */      private static int readDoubleReverse(String input, int start)                  throws IllegalArgumentException {            int dotIndex = -1;            char c;            for (int i=start; i>=0; --i) {                  c = input.charAt(i);                  if (c == '.') {                        if (dotIndex != -1)                              throw new IllegalArgumentException(                                    "there have more than 1 dots in the number.");                        else                              dotIndex = i;                  } else if (!Character.isDigit(c)) {                        return i + 1;                  } else if (i == 0) {                        return 0;                  }            }            throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a number.");      }            /**       * read the next number       * @param input       * @param start       * @return       * @throws IllegalArgumentException       */      private static int readDouble(String input, int start)      throws IllegalArgumentException {            int len = input.length();            int dotIndex = -1;            char c;            for (int i=start; i<len; ++i) {                  c = input.charAt(i);                  if (c == '.') {                        if (dotIndex != -1)                              throw new IllegalArgumentException(                              "there have more than 1 dots in the number.");                        else if (i == len - 1)                              throw new IllegalArgumentException(                              "not a number, dot can't be the last part of a number.");                        else                              dotIndex = i;                  } else if (!Character.isDigit(c)) {                        if (dotIndex == -1 || i - dotIndex > 1)                              return i;                        else                              throw new IllegalArgumentException(                              "not a number, dot can't be the last part of a number.");                  } else if (i == len - 1) {                        return len;                  }            }                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("not a number.");      }      /**       * return true if the character is an operator.       * @param c       * @return       */      private static boolean isOperator(char c) {            return (c=='+' || c=='-' || c=='*' || c=='/');      }}



== usage ==
input the expressions, and then the program will calculate them and show the result.
input 'bye' to exit.

input an expression:
3.8+5.3
Polish Notation (PN):+ 3.8 5.3
the result is 9.1
Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):3.8 5.3 +
the result is 9.1
input a new expression:
5*(9.1+3.2)/(1-5+4.88)
Polish Notation (PN):/ * 5 + 9.1 3.2 + - 1 5 4.88
the result is 69.88636363636364
Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):5 9.1 3.2 + * 1 5 - 4.88 + /
the result is 69.88636363636364
input a new expression:
1+((2+3)*4)-5
Polish Notation (PN):- + 1 * + 2 3 4 5
the result is 16
Reverse Polish Notation (RPN):1 2 3 + 4 * + 5 -
the result is 16
input a new expression:
bye
program exits

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