Tk Tutorial - 9. Windows and Dialogs

Creating and Destroying Windows

Toplevel windows are created using the Toplevel function:

t = Toplevel(parent)

Unlike regular widgets, you don't have to "grid" a toplevel for it to appear onscreen. Once you've created a new toplevel,you can then create other widgets which are children of that toplevel, and grid them inside the toplevel. In other words,the new toplevel behaves exactly like the automatically created root window.

To destroy a window, you can use the destroy method on a widget:

window.destroy()

Note that you can use destroy on any widget, not just a toplevel window.

Changing Window Behavior and Styles

Window Title

oldtitle = window.title()window.title('New title')

Size and Location

A full geometry specification looks like this:

widthxheight±x±y

Width and height (normally in pixels) are pretty self-explanatory. The "x" (horizontal position) is specified with a leading plus or minus, so"+25" means the left edge of the window should be 25 pixels from the left edge of the screen, while"-50" means the right edge of the window should be 50 pixels from the right edge of the screen. Similarly, a "y" (vertical) position of "+10" means the top edge of the window should be ten pixels below the top of the screen, while "-100" means the bottom edge of the window should be 100 pixels above the bottom of the screen.

window.geometry('300x200-5+40')

Stacking Order

Stacking order refers to the order that windows are "placed" on the screen, from bottom to top.

You can obtain the current stacking order, a list from lowest to highest, via:

root.tk.eval('wm stackorder '+str(window))

You can also just check if one window is above or below another:

if (root.tk.eval('wm stackorder '+str(window)+' isabove '+str(otherwindow))=='1') ...if (root.tk.eval('wm stackorder '+str(window)+' isbelow '+str(otherwindow))=='1') ...

You can also raise or lower windows, either to the very top (bottom) of the stacking order, or just above (below) a designated window:

window.lift()window.lift(otherwin)window.lower()window.lower(otherwin)

So if you have several widgets gridded together but overlapping, you can raise and lower them relative to each other. For example:

from tkinter import *from tkinter import ttkroot = Tk()little = ttk.Label(root, text="Little")bigger = ttk.Label(root, text='Much bigger label')little.grid(column=0,row=0)bigger.grid(column=0,row=0)root.after(2000, lambda: little.lift())root.mainloop()

Resizing Behavior

You can prevent it from being resized, in fact independently specifying whether the window's width (first parameter) can be changed, as well as its height (second parameter). So to disable all resizing:

window.resizable(FALSE,FALSE)

Remember that if you've added a ttk::sizegrip widget to the window, that you should remove it if you're making the window non-resizable.

If resizing is enabled, you can specify a minimum and/or maximum size that you'd like the window's size to be constrained to (again, parameters are width and height):

window.minsize(200,100)window.maxsize(500,500)

Iconifying and Withdrawing

The possible states for a window include "normal" and "iconic" (for an iconified window), as well as several others:"withdrawn","icon" or "zoomed".

You can query or set the current window state, and there are also the methods "iconify" and"deiconify" which are shortcuts for setting the "iconic" or"normal" states respectively.

thestate = window.state()window.state('normal')window.iconify()window.deiconify()

Standard Dialogs

Selecting Files and Directories

On Windows and Mac,these invoke the underlying operating system dialogs directly.

from tkinter import filedialogfilename = filedialog.askopenfilename()filename = filedialog.asksaveasfilename()dirname = filedialog.askdirectory()

All of these commands produce modal dialogs. The commands return the full pathname of the file or directory the user has chosen, or return an empty string if the user cancels out of the dialog.

Selecting Colors

There is also a modal dialog to let the user select a color. It will return a color value, e.g. "#ff62b8".The dialog takes an optional"initialcolor" option to specify an existing color that the user is presumably replacing.

from tkinter import colorchoosercolorchooser.askcolor(initialcolor='#ff0000')

Alert and Confirmation Dialogs

Tk provides a versatile "message box" that encapsulates all these different types of dialogs.

from tkinter import messageboxmessagebox.showinfo(message='Have a good day')

messagebox.askyesno(   message='Are you sure you want to install SuperVirus?'   icon='question' title='Install')

Like the previous dialogs that we've seen, these are modal, and will return the result of the user's action to the caller. The exact return value will depend on the"type" option passed to the command, as shown here:
Type optionPossible return valuesok (default)"ok"okcancel"ok" or "cancel"yesno"yes" or "no"yesnocancel"yes", "no" or "cancel"retrycancel"retry" or "cancel"abortretryignore"abort", "retry" or "ignore"The full list of possible options is shown here:

typeAs described above.messageThe main message displayed inside the alert.detailIf needed, a secondary message, often displayed in a smaller font under the main message.titleTitle for the dialog window. Not used on Mac OS X.iconIcon to show: one of "info" (default), "error", "question" or"warning".defaultSpecify which button (e.g. "ok" or "cancel" for a "okcancel" type dialog) should be the default.parentSpecify a window of your application this dialog is being posted for; this may cause the dialog to appear on top, or on Mac OS X appear as a sheet for the window.from: http://www.tkdocs.com/tutorial/windows.html