android之service

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Service是在一段不定的时间运行在后台,不和用户交互应用组件。每个Service必须在manifest中 通过<service>来声明。可以通过contect.startservice和contect.bindserverice来启动。
    Service和其他的应用组件一样,运行在进程的主线程中。这就是说如果service需要很多耗时或者阻塞的操作,需要在其子线程中实现。

    service的两种模式(startService()/bindService()不是完全分离的):
  • 本地服务 Local Service 用于应用程序内部。
      它可以启动并运行,直至有人停止了它或它自己停止。在这种方式下,它以调用Context.startService()启动,而以调用Context.stopService()结束。它可以调用Service.stopSelf() 或 Service.stopSelfResult()来自己停止。不论调用了多少次startService()方法,你只需要调用一次stopService()来停止服务。
      用于实现应用程序自己的一些耗时任务,比如查询升级信息,并不占用应用程序比如Activity所属线程,而是单开线程后台执行,这样用户体验比较好。
  • 远程服务 Remote Service 用于android系统内部的应用程序之间。
      它可以通过自己定义并暴露出来的接口进行程序操作。客户端建立一个到服务对象的连接,并通过那个连接来调用服务。连接以调用Context.bindService()方法建立,以调用 Context.unbindService()关闭。多个客户端可以绑定至同一个服务。如果服务此时还没有加载,bindService()会先加载它。
      可被其他应用程序复用,比如天气预报服务,其他应用程序不需要再写这样的服务,调用已有的即可。

生命周期
    Service的生命周期并不像Activity那么复杂,它只继承了onCreate(),onStart(),onDestroy()三个方法,当我们第一次启动Service时,先后调用了onCreate(),onStart()这两个方法,当停止Service时,则执行onDestroy()方法,这里需要注意的是,如果Service已经启动了,当我们再次启动Service时,不会在执行onCreate()方法,而是直接执行onStart()方法。

    而启动service,根据onStartCommand的返回值不同,有两个附加的模式:
    1. START_STICKY 用于显示启动和停止service。
    2. START_NOT_STICKY或START_REDELIVER_INTENT用于有命令需要处理时才运行的模式。

    服务不能自己运行,需要通过调用Context.startService()或Context.bindService()方法启动服务。这两个方法都可以启动Service,但是它们的使用场合有所不同。
    1. 使用startService()方法启用服务,调用者与服务之间没有关连,即使调用者退出了,服务仍然运行。
    如果打算采用Context.startService()方法启动服务,在服务未被创建时,系统会先调用服务的onCreate()方法,接着调用onStart()方法。
    如果调用startService()方法前服务已经被创建,多次调用startService()方法并不会导致多次创建服务,但会导致多次调用onStart()方法。
    采用startService()方法启动的服务,只能调用Context.stopService()方法结束服务,服务结束时会调用onDestroy()方法。

    2. 使用bindService()方法启用服务,调用者与服务绑定在了一起,调用者一旦退出,服务也就终止,大有“不求同时生,必须同时死”的特点。
    onBind()只有采用Context.bindService()方法启动服务时才会回调该方法。该方法在调用者与服务绑定时被调用,当调用者与服务已经绑定,多次调用Context.bindService()方法并不会导致该方法被多次调用。
    采用Context.bindService()方法启动服务时只能调用onUnbind()方法解除调用者与服务解除,服务结束时会调用onDestroy()方法。

看看官方给出的比较流程示意图:
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    官方文档告诉我们,一个service可以同时start并且bind,在这样的情况,系统会一直保持service的运行状态如果service已经start了或者BIND_AUTO_CREATE标志被设置。如果没有一个条件满足,那么系统将会调用onDestory方法来终止service.所有的清理工作(终止线程,反注册接收器)都在onDestory中完成。

拥有service的进程具有较高的优先级
    官方文档告诉我们,Android系统会尽量保持拥有service的进程运行,只要在该service已经被启动(start)或者客户端连接(bindService)到它。当内存不足时,需要保持,拥有service的进程具有较高的优先级。

1. 如果service正在调用onCreate,onStartCommand或者onDestory方法,那么用于当前service的进程则变为前台进程以避免被killed。

2. 如果当前service已经被启动(start),拥有它的进程则比那些用户可见的进程优先级低一些,但是比那些不可见的进程更重要,这就意味着service一般不会被killed.

3. 如果客户端已经连接到service (bindService),那么拥有Service的进程则拥有最高的优先级,可以认为service是可见的。

4. 如果service可以使用startForeground(int, Notification)方法来将service设置为前台状态,那么系统就认为是对用户可见的,并不会在内存不足时killed。

如果有其他的应用组件作为Service,Activity等运行在相同的进程中,那么将会增加该进程的重要性。

本地service
1.不需和Activity交互的本地服务
public class LocalService extends { 

        private static final String TAG = "LocalService"

        @Override 
        public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) { 
                Log.i(TAG, "onBind"); 
                return null
        } 

        @Override 
        public void onCreate() { 
                Log.i(TAG, "onCreate"); 
                super.onCreate(); 
        } 

        @Override 
        public void onDestroy() { 
                Log.i(TAG, "onDestroy"); 
                super.onDestroy(); 
        } 

        @Override 
        public void onStart(Intent intent, int startId) { 
                Log.i(TAG, "onStart"); 
                super.onStart(intent, startId); 
        } 
}

Activity:
public class ServiceActivity extends Activity { 

        @Override 
        protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { 
                super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); 
                setContentView(R.layout.servicedemo); 

                ((Button) findViewById(R.id.startLocalService)).setOnClickListener( 
                                new View.OnClickListener(){ 

                                        @Override 
                                        public void onClick(View view) { 
                                                // TODO Auto-generated method stub 
                                               startService(new Intent("com.demo.SERVICE_DEMO")); 
                                        }  
                                }); 

                ((Button) findViewById(R.id.stopLocalService)).setOnClickListener( 
                                new View.OnClickListener(){ 

                                        @Override 
                                        public void onClick(View view) { 
                                                // TODO Auto-generated method stub 
                                                stopService(new Intent("com.demo.SERVICE_DEMO")); 
                                        } 
                                }); 
        } 

}

在AndroidManifest.xml添加:
<service android:name=".LocalService"> 
        <intent-filter> 
                <action android:name="com.demo.SERVICE_DEMO" /> 
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.default" /> 
        </intent-filter> 
</service>
否则启动服务时会提示new Intent找不到"com.demo.SERVICE_DEMO"。

    对于这类不需和Activity交互的本地服务,是使用startService/stopService的最好例子。
    运行时可以发现第一次startService时,会调用onCreate和onStart,在没有stopService前,无论点击多少次startService,都只会调用onStart。而stopService时调用onDestroy。再次点击stopService,会发现不会进入service的生命周期的,即不会再调用onCreate,onStart和onDestroy。
    而onBind在startService/stopService中没有调用。

2.本地服务和Activity交互
    对于这种case,官方的sample(APIDemo\app.LocalService)是最好的例子:
/** 
* This is an example of implementing an application service that runs locally 
* in the same process as the application.    The {@link LocalServiceController} 
* and {@link LocalServiceBinding} classes show how to interact with the 
* service. 

* <p>Notice the use of the {@link NotificationManager} when interesting things 
* happen in the service.    This is generally how background services should 
* interact with the user, rather than doing something more disruptive such as 
* calling startActivity(). 
*/
 
public class LocalService extends Service { 
        private NotificationManager mNM; 

        /** 
         * Class for clients to access.    Because we know this service always 
         * runs in the same process as its clients, we don't need to deal with 
         * IPC. 
         */
 
        public class LocalBinder extends Binder { 
                LocalService getService() { 
                        return LocalService.this; 
                } 
        } 
         
        @Override 
        public void onCreate() { 
                mNM = (NotificationManager)getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE); 

                // Display a notification about us starting.    We put an icon in the status bar. 
                showNotification(); 
        } 

        @Override 
        public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) { 
                Log.i("LocalService""Received start id " + startId + ": " + intent); 
                // We want this service to continue running until it is explicitly 
                // stopped, so return sticky. 
                return START_STICKY; 
        } 

        @Override 
        public void onDestroy() { 
                // Cancel the persistent notification. 
                mNM.cancel(R.string.local_service_started); 

                // Tell the user we stopped. 
                Toast.makeText(this, R.string.local_service_stopped, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); 
        } 

        @Override 
        public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) { 
             return mBinder;
        } 

        // This is the object that receives interactions from clients.    See 
        // RemoteService for a more complete example. 
        private final IBinder mBinder = new LocalBinder(); 

        /** 
         * Show a notification while this service is running. 
         */
 
        private void showNotification() { 
                // In this sample, we'll use the same text for the ticker and the expanded notification 
                CharSequence text = getText(R.string.local_service_started); 

                // Set the icon, scrolling text and timestamp 
                Notification notification = new Notification(R.drawable.stat_sample, text, 
                                System.currentTimeMillis()); 

                // The PendingIntent to launch our activity if the user selects this notification 
                PendingIntent contentIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, 
                                new Intent(this, LocalServiceController.class), 0); 

                // Set the info for the views that show in the notification panel. 
                notification.setLatestEventInfo(this, getText(R.string.local_service_label), 
                                             text, contentIntent); 

                // Send the notification. 
                // We use a layout id because it is a unique number.    We use it later to cancel. 
                mNM.notify(R.string.local_service_started, notification); 
        } 
}
   这里可以发现onBind需要返回一个IBinder对象。也就是说和上一例子LocalService不同的是,
1. 添加了一个public内部类继承Binder,并添加getService方法来返回当前的Service对象;
2. 新建一个IBinder对象——new那个Binder内部类;
3. onBind方法返还那个IBinder对象。

Activity:
/** 
* <p>Example of binding and unbinding to the {@link LocalService}. 
* This demonstrates the implementation of a service which the client will 
* bind to, receiving an object through which it can communicate with the service.</p> 
*/
 
public class LocalServiceBinding extends Activity { 
        private boolean mIsBound; 
        private
        @Override 
        protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { 
                super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); 

                setContentView(R.layout.local_service_binding); 

                // Watch for button clicks. 
                Button button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.bind); 
                button.setOnClickListener(mBindListener); 
                button = (Button)findViewById(R.id.unbind); 
                button.setOnClickListener(mUnbindListener); 
        } 

        private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() { 
                public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) { 
                        // This is called when the connection with the service has been 
                        // established, giving us the service object we can use to 
                        // interact with the service.    Because we have bound to a explicit 
                        // service that we know is running in our own process, we can 
                        // cast its IBinder to a concrete class and directly access it. 
                        mBoundService = ((LocalService.LocalBinder)service).getService();  
                         
                        // Tell the user about this for our demo. 
                        Toast.makeText(LocalServiceBinding.this, R.string.local_service_connected, 
                                        Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); 
                } 

                public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) { 
                        // This is called when the connection with the service has been 
                        // unexpectedly disconnected -- that is, its process crashed. 
                        // Because it is running in our same process, we should never 
                        // see this happen. 
                        mBoundService = null
                        Toast.makeText(LocalServiceBinding.this, R.string.local_service_disconnected, 
                                        Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); 
                } 
        }; 

        private OnClickListener mBindListener = new OnClickListener() { 
                public void onClick(View v) { 
                        // Establish a connection with the service.    We use an explicit 
                        // class name because we want a specific service implementation that 
                        // we know will be running in our own process (and thus won't be 
                        // supporting component replacement by other applications). 
                        bindService(new Intent(LocalServiceBinding.this,    
                                        LocalService.class), mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE); 
                        mIsBound = true
                } 
        }; 

        private OnClickListener mUnbindListener = new OnClickListener() { 
                public void onClick(View v) { 
                        if (mIsBound) { 
                                // Detach our existing connection. 
                                unbindService(mConnection); 
                                mIsBound = false
                        } 
                } 
        }; 
}
    明显看出这里面添加了一个名为ServiceConnection类,并实现了onServiceConnected(从IBinder获取Service对象)和onServiceDisconnected(set Service to null)。
    而bindService和unbindService方法都是操作这个ServiceConnection对象的。

AndroidManifest.xml里添加:
<service android:name=".app.LocalService" /> 

<activity android:name=".app.LocalServiceBinding" android:label="@string/activity_local_service_binding"> 
     <intent-filter> 
          <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> 
          <category android:name="android.intent.category.SAMPLE_CODE" /> 
     </intent-filter> 
</activity>
这里没什么特别的,因为service没有需要什么特别的action,所以只是声明service而已,而activity和普通的没差别。

运行时,发现调用次序是这样的:
bindService:
1.LocalService : onCreate
2.LocalService : onBind
3.Activity: onServiceConnected

unbindService: 只是调用onDestroy

可见,onStart是不会被调用的,而onServiceDisconnected没有调用的原因在上面代码的注释有说明
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