Ubuntu /etc/network/interface

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http://wiki.slimdevices.com/index.php/SqueezeOS_networking

话说Debian系的网卡配置跟Redhat系很不一样,Redhat是放在/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts目录下面的一大堆文件里面,要修改?你一个一个文件来过吧。Debian系的则是存在/etc/network/interfaces文件里面,无论有多少块网卡,统统扔在这个文件里。下面就来看一下这个文件的内容。

首先,一个基本的配置大概是下面这个样子:

1 auto lo 
2 iface lo inet loopback 
4 # The primary network interface 
5 auto eth0 
6 iface eth0 inet static 
7 address 192.168.0.42 
8 network 192.168.0.0 
9 netmask 255.255.255.0 
10 broadcast 192.168.0.255 
11 gateway 192.168.0.1
上面的配置中,

第1行跟第5行说明lo接口跟eth0接口会在系统启动时被自动配置;

第2行将lo接口设置为一个本地回环(loopback)地址;

第6行指出eth0接口具有一个静态的(static)IP配置;

第7行-第11行分别设置eth0接口的ip、网络号、掩码、广播地址和网关。

 

再来看一个更复杂点的:

12 auto eth0 
13 iface eth0 inet static 
14 address 192.168.1.42 
15 network 192.168.1.0 
17 netmask 255.255.255.128 
18 broadcast 192.168.1.0 
19 up route add -net 192.168.1.128 netmask 255.255.255.128 gw 192.168.1.2 
20 up route add default gw 192.168.1.200 
21 down route del default gw 192.168.1.200 
22 down route del -net 192.168.1.128 netmask 255.255.255.128 gw 192.168.1.2
这次,有了一个复杂一些的掩码,和一个比较奇怪的广播地址。还有就是增加的接口启用、禁用时的路由设置;

第19行和20行配置的左右是在接口启用的时候,添加一条静态路由和一个缺省路由;

第21行和22行会在接口禁用的时候,删掉这两条路由配置。

至于配置路由的写法,仔细看,它就是route命令嘛。

 

继续,下面是一个物理网卡上多个接口的配置方法:

23 auto eth0 eth0:1 
24 iface eth0 inet static 
25 address 192.168.0.100 
26 network 192.168.0.0 
27 netmask 255.255.255.0 
28 broadcast 192.168.0.255 
29 gateway 192.168.0.1 
30 iface eth0:1 inet static 
31 address 192.168.0.200 
32 network 192.168.0.0 
33 netmask 255.255.255.0
30行到33行在eth0上配置了另外一个地址,这种配置方法在配置一块网卡多个地址的时候很常见:有几个地址就配置几个接口。冒号后面的数字可以随便写的,只要几个配置的名字不重复就可以。

 

下面是pre-up和post-down命令时间。这是一组命令(pre-up、up、post-up、pre-down、down、post-down),分别定义在对应的时刻需要执行的命令。

34 auto eth0 
35 iface eth0 inet dhcp 
36 pre-up [ -f /etc/network/local-network-ok ]
第36行会在激活eth0之前检查/etc/network/local-network-ok文件是否存在,如果不存在,则不会激活eth0。

再更进一步的例子:

37 auto eth0 eth1 
38 iface eth0 inet static 
39 address 192.168.42.1 
40 netmask 255.255.255.0 
41 pre-up /path/to/check-mac-address.sh eth0 11:22:33:44:55:66 
42 pre-up /usr/local/sbin/enable-masq 
43 iface eth1 inet dhcp 
44 pre-up /path/to/check-mac-address.sh eth1 AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF 
45 pre-up /usr/local/sbin/firewall
第 41行和第44行中,check-mac-address.sh放在/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/目录中,使用的时候需要给它加上可执行权限。这两行命令会检测两块网卡的MAC地址是否为11:22:33:44:55:66和AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF,如果正确,则启用网卡。如果MAC地址错误,就不会启用这两块网卡。

第42行和第45行是假定在这两块网卡上分别执行的命令,你可以把它们替换成你想要的任何玩意 :)

手 册上说,这种方法主要是用来检测两块网卡的MAC地址交换(If their MAC addresses get swapped),其实就是两块网卡名互换了,这种情况在debian系统上再常见不过了,主要是因为内核识别网卡的顺序发生了变化。这个问题可以用下面的这种方法来避免。

 

46 auto eth0 eth1 
47 mapping eth0 eth1 
48 script /path/to/get-mac-address.sh 
49 map 11:22:33:44:55:66 lan 
50 map AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF internet 
51 iface lan inet static 
52 address 192.168.42.1 
53 netmask 255.255.255.0 
54 pre-up /usr/local/sbin/enable-masq $IFACE 
55 iface internet inet dhcp 
56 pre-up /usr/local/sbin/firewall $IFACE
第48行中的get-mac-address.sh也在/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/目录里,也同样要加可执行权限。这个脚本的作用,就是获得每块网卡的MAC地址。

这段配置首先配置了两个逻辑接口(这个名词的定义请参见debian参考手册)lan和internet,然后根据网卡的MAC地址,将逻辑接口映射(mapped)到物理接口上去。

 

再来看下面这段配置:

57 auto eth0 
 58 iface eth0 inet manual 
 59       up ifconfig $IFACE 0.0.0.0 up 
 60       up /usr/local/bin/myconfigscript  
61       down ifconfig $IFACE down
这段配置只是启用一个网卡,但是ifupdown不对这个网卡设置任何ip,而是由外部程序来设置ip。

 

最后一段配置,这段配置启用了网卡的混杂模式,用来当监听接口。

177 auto eth0
178 iface eth0 inet manual 
179 up ifconfig $IFACE 0.0.0.0 up
 180 up ip link set $IFACE promisc on 
181 down ip link set $IFACE promisc off
 182 down ifconfig $IFACE down
好了,interfaces中对于以太网卡的配置基本上介绍完了。


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

auto wlan0iface wlan0 inet static        address 10.1.1.60        netmask 255.0.0.0        network 10.0.0.0        broadcast 10.255.255.255        gateway 10.1.1.1        wireless-essid linuxconfig.org        wireless-mode Managed        wireless-key 4ff38e6e98d6a750f33cdb105e

Dynamic dhcp network interface:

auto wlan0iface wlan0 inet dhcp        wireless-essid linuxconfig.org        wireless-mode Managed        wireless-key 4ff38e6e98d6a750f33cdb105e
# The loopback network interfaceauto loiface lo inet loopback # The primary network interfaceauto eth0iface eth0 inet static        address 192.168.1.5        netmask 255.255.255.0        network 192.168.1.0        gateway 192.168.1.1 # The wireless network interface with dhcpauto wlan0iface wlan0 inet dhcp    wpa-ssid nixcraft    wpa-key-mgmt WPA-PSK    wpa-group TKIP CCMP    wpa-psk YOYR-PASSWORD-HERE 


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-93067-id-90196.html


######################################################################
# /etc/network/interfaces -- configuration file for ifup(8), ifdown(8)
#
# A "#" character in the very first column makes the rest of the line
# be ignored. Blank lines are ignored. Lines may be indented freely.
# A "\" character at the very end of the line indicates the next line
# should be treated as a continuation of the current one.
#
# The "pre-up", "up", "down" and "post-down" options are valid for all
# interfaces, and may be specified multiple times. All other options
# may only be specified once.
#
# See the interfaces(5) manpage for information on what options are
# available.
######################################################################

# We always want the loopback interface.
#
# auto lo
# iface lo inet loopback

# An example ethernet card setup: (broadcast and gateway are optional)
#
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet static
#     address 192.168.0.42
#     network 192.168.0.0
#     netmask 255.255.255.0
#     broadcast 192.168.0.255
#     gateway 192.168.0.1

# A more complicated ethernet setup, with a less common netmask, and a downright
# weird broadcast address: (the "up" lines are executed verbatim when the
# interface is brought up, the "down" lines when it's brought down)
#
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet static
#     address 192.168.1.42
#     network 192.168.1.0
#     netmask 255.255.255.128
#     broadcast 192.168.1.0
#     up route add -net 192.168.1.128 netmask 255.255.255.128 gw 192.168.1.2
#     up route add default gw 192.168.1.200
#     down route del default gw 192.168.1.200
#     down route del -net 192.168.1.128 netmask 255.255.255.128 gw 192.168.1.2

# A more complicated ethernet setup with a single ethernet card with
# two interfaces.
# Note: This happens to work since ifconfig handles it that way, not because
# ifup/down handles the ':' any differently.
# Warning: There is a known bug if you do this, since the state will not
# be properly defined if you try to 'ifdown eth0' when both interfaces
# are up. The ifconfig program will not remove eth0 but it will be
# removed from the interfaces state so you will see it up until you execute:
# 'ifdown eth0:1 ; ifup eth0; ifdown eth0'
# BTW, this is "bug" #193679 (it's not really a bug, it's more of a
# limitation)
#
# auto eth0 eth0:1
# iface eth0 inet static
#     address 192.168.0.100
#     network 192.168.0.0
#     netmask 255.255.255.0
#     broadcast 192.168.0.255
#     gateway 192.168.0.1
# iface eth0:1 inet static
#     address 192.168.0.200
#     network 192.168.0.0
#     netmask 255.255.255.0

# "pre-up" and "post-down" commands are also available. In addition, the
# exit status of these commands are checked, and if any fail, configuration
# (or deconfiguration) is aborted. So:
#
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet dhcp
#     pre-up [ -f /etc/network/local-network-ok ]
#
# will allow you to only have eth0 brought up when the file
# /etc/network/local-network-ok exists.

# Two ethernet interfaces, one connected to a trusted LAN, the other to
# the untrusted Internet. If their MAC addresses get swapped (because an
# updated kernel uses a different order when probing for network cards,
# say), then they don't get brought up at all.
#
# auto eth0 eth1
# iface eth0 inet static
#     address 192.168.42.1
#     netmask 255.255.255.0
#     pre-up /path/to/check-mac-address.sh eth0 11:22:33:44:55:66
#     pre-up /usr/local/sbin/enable-masq
# iface eth1 inet dhcp
#     pre-up /path/to/check-mac-address.sh eth1 AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
#     pre-up /usr/local/sbin/firewall

# Two ethernet interfaces, one connected to a trusted LAN, the other to
# the untrusted Internet, identified by MAC address rather than interface
# name:
#
# auto eth0 eth1
# mapping eth0 eth1
#     script /path/to/get-mac-address.sh
#     map 11:22:33:44:55:66 lan
#     map AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF internet
# iface lan inet static
#     address 192.168.42.1
#     netmask 255.255.255.0
#     pre-up /usr/local/sbin/enable-masq $IFACE
# iface internet inet dhcp
#     pre-up /usr/local/sbin/firewall $IFACE

# A PCMCIA interface for a laptop that is used in different locations:
# (note the lack of an "auto" line for any of these)
#
# mapping eth0
#    script /path/to/pcmcia-compat.sh
#    map home,*,*,*                  home
#    map work,*,*,00:11:22:33:44:55  work-wireless
#    map work,*,*,01:12:23:34:45:50  work-static
#
# iface home inet dhcp
# iface work-wireless bootp
# iface work-static static
#     address 10.15.43.23
#     netmask 255.255.255.0
#     gateway 10.15.43.1
#
# Note, this won't work unless you specifically change the file
# /etc/pcmcia/network to look more like:
#
#     if [ -r ./shared ] ; then . ./shared ; else . /etc/pcmcia/shared ; fi
#     get_info $DEVICE
#     case "$ACTION" in
#         'start')
#             /sbin/ifup $DEVICE
#             ;;
#         'stop')
#             /sbin/ifdown $DEVICE
#             ;;
#     esac
#     exit 0

# An alternate way of doing the same thing: (in this case identifying
# where the laptop is is done by configuring the interface as various
# options, and seeing if a computer that is known to be on each particular
# network will respond to pings. The various numbers here need to be chosen
# with a great deal of care.)
#
# (note the lack of an "auto" line for any of these)
#
# mapping eth0
#    script /path/to/pcmcia-compat.sh
#    map home,*,*,*                  home
#    map work,*,*,00:11:22:33:44:55  work-wireless
#    map work,*,*,01:12:23:34:45:50  work-static
#
# iface home inet dhcp
# iface work-wireless bootp
# iface work-static static
#     address 10.15.43.23
#     netmask 255.255.255.0
#     gateway 10.15.43.1
#
# Note, this won't work unless you specifically change the file
# /etc/pcmcia/network to look more like:
#
#     if [ -r ./shared ] ; then . ./shared ; else . /etc/pcmcia/shared ; fi
#     get_info $DEVICE
#     case "$ACTION" in
#         'start')
#             /sbin/ifup $DEVICE
#             ;;
#         'stop')
#             /sbin/ifdown $DEVICE
#             ;;
#     esac
#     exit 0

# An alternate way of doing the same thing: (in this case identifying
# where the laptop is is done by configuring the interface as various
# options, and seeing if a computer that is known to be on each particular
# network will respond to pings. The various numbers here need to be chosen
# with a great deal of care.)
#
# iface eth0 inet manual
#       up ifconfig $IFACE 0.0.0.0 up
#       up ip link set $IFACE promisc on
#       down ip link set $IFACE promisc off
#       down ifconfig $IFACE down

# Set up an interface which will not be allocated an IP address by
# ifupdown but will be configured through external programs. This
# can be useful to setup interfaces configured through other programs,
# like, for example, PPPOE scripts.
#
# auto eth0
# iface eth0 inet manual
#       up ifconfig $IFACE 0.0.0.0 up
#       up /usr/local/bin/myconfigscript
#       down ifconfig $IFACE down



-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

静态无线: 
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet static
  address 192.168.3.186
  netmask 255.255.255.0
  gateway 192.168.3.1
  wpa-ssid xxx
  wpa-psk xxx
  wpa-proto WPA

动态无线: auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
  wpa-ssid xxx
  wpa-psk xxx
  wpa-proto WPA


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