(8)链表 《java数据结构与算法》一书第五章读书笔记。

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链表
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在数组作为数据存储结构存在一定的缺陷。数组分为有序和无序两种。
无序数组中搜索是低效的。
有序数组中插入效率也是很低的。
不论在哪种数组中删除的效率都是很低的。且建完数组后其大小是不可改变的。

在数组中每一项占用一个特定的位置,这个位置可以用一个下标直接访问,像一排房子可以凭门牌号
直接找到其中特定的一间。
在链表中寻找一个特定元素的唯一方法就是沿着这个元素的链一直向下寻找。不能直接访问到数据项,
但是使用数据项之间的关系可以来定位它。

链节点(【date + next】)
在链表中,每个数据项都被包含在“链节点”中。一个链节点是某个类的对象,这个类可以叫做Link。
每个Link对象中 都包含一个对下一个链节点引用的字段(Next)
class Link{
  public data iData;
  public double ddate;
  public Link next;     //自引用
}
或者
class Link{
  public OtherObj obj;
  public Link next;     //自引用
}
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单链表 双端链表 有序链表 双向链表  有迭代器的链表
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**单链表
插入、查找、删除 指定节点 
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**双端链表《不同于 双向链表》
双端链表与传统的链表非常相似,但是他有一个新增的特性:即对最后一个链节点的引用
就像对第一个链节点的引用一样。第一个节点 有first和last两个引用。
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链表的效率:
在表头插入删除速度很快,仅需改变一两个的引用值所以花费O(1)时间
平均起来 查找  删除和在指定链节点后面插入 都需要搜索 需要O(N)此比较。
但是链表 不需要移动任何的元素。与数组相比增加效率是很明闲的。

另外的有事 就是 链表多少就可以用多少内存。
数组一开始创建的时候就固定了。
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ADT
基于链表实现的栈
基于链表实现的双端队列
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有序链表
在链表中还没要求数据有序存储,然而对于 某些应用来说,在链表中保持数据有序是有用的。
具有这个特性:在链表中保持数据是有序的。 就叫有序链表。数据按照关键字值有序排列。
有序链表 优于有序数组的地方是 插入的速度。(因为元素不需要移动)另外可有扩展到全部
有效的内存。而数组只能局限于固定大小。

有序链表效率
插入和删除需要O(N)此比较,O(1)时间删除。

表插入排序:
有序链表可用于一种高效的排序机制。假设一个无序数组。从这个数组中取出数据
插入到有序链表中,他们自动按照顺序排序。把它们从链表中删除重新放回数组,
此时数组就排好序了。这种排序比 插入排序 效率更高些。这种方式进行的复制次数少些。
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双向链表

基于双向链表的双端队列
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迭代器
迭代器类包含对数据结构中数据项的引用,并用来遍历这些数据结构的对象。
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《1》linkList单链表代码// linkList.java// demonstrates linked list// to run this program: C>java LinkListApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public int iData;              // data item   public double dData;           // data item   public Link next;              // next link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(int id, double dd) // constructor      {      iData = id;                 // initialize data      dData = dd;                 // ('next' is automatically      }                           //  set to null)// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayLink()      // display ourself      {      System.out.print("{" + iData + ", " + dData + "} ");      }   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkList   {   private Link first;            // ref to first link on list                                    //总是指向链表的 第一个节点对象                                  //插入新节点时,first也改变了。// -------------------------------------------------------------   public LinkList()              // constructor      {      first = null;               // no links on list yet      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()       // true if list is empty      {      return (first==null);      }// -------------------------------------------------------------                                  // insert at start of list   public void insertFirst(int id, double dd)      {                           // make new link      Link newLink = new Link(id, dd);      newLink.next = first;       // newLink --> old first      first = newLink;            // first --> newLink      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link deleteFirst()      // delete first item      {                           // (assumes list not empty)      Link temp = first;          // save reference to link      first = first.next;         // delete it: first-->old next      return temp;                // return deleted link      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayList()      {      System.out.print("List (first-->last): ");      Link current = first;       // start at beginning of list      while(current != null)      // until end of list,         {         current.displayLink();   // print data         current = current.next;  // move to next link         }      System.out.println("");      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class LinkList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkListApp   {   public static void main(String[] args)      {      LinkList theList = new LinkList();  // make new list      theList.insertFirst(22, 2.99);      // insert four items      theList.insertFirst(44, 4.99);      theList.insertFirst(66, 6.99);      theList.insertFirst(88, 8.99);      theList.displayList();              // display list      while( !theList.isEmpty() )         // until it's empty,         {         Link aLink = theList.deleteFirst();   // delete link         System.out.print("Deleted ");         // display it         aLink.displayLink();         System.out.println("");         }      theList.displayList();              // display list      }  // end main()   }  // end class LinkListApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////###################################################################《2》单链表 插入、查找、删除 指定节点// linkList2.java// demonstrates linked list// to run this program: C>java LinkList2App////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public int iData;              // data item (key)   public double dData;           // data item   public Link next;              // next link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(int id, double dd) // constructor      {      iData = id;      dData = dd;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayLink()      // display ourself      {      System.out.print("{" + iData + ", " + dData + "} ");      }   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkList   {   private Link first;            // ref to first link on list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public LinkList()              // constructor      {      first = null;               // no links on list yet      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertFirst(int id, double dd)      {                           // make new link      Link newLink = new Link(id, dd);      newLink.next = first;       // it points to old first link      first = newLink;            // now first points to this      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link find(int key)      // find link with given key      {                           // (assumes non-empty list)      Link current = first;              // start at 'first'      while(current.iData != key)        // while no match,         {         if(current.next == null)        // if end of list,            return null;                 // didn't find it         else                            // not end of list,            current = current.next;      // go to next link         }      return current;                    // found it      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link delete(int key)    // delete link with given key      {                           // (assumes non-empty list)      Link current = first;              // search for link      Link previous = first;      while(current.iData != key)         {         if(current.next == null)            return null;                 // didn't find it         else            {            previous = current;          // go to next link            current = current.next;            }         }                               // found it      if(current == first)               // if first link,         first = first.next;             //    change first      else                               // otherwise,         previous.next = current.next;   //    bypass it      return current;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayList()      // display the list      {      System.out.print("List (first-->last): ");      Link current = first;       // start at beginning of list      while(current != null)      // until end of list,         {         current.displayLink();   // print data         current = current.next;  // move to next link         }      System.out.println("");      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class LinkList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkList2App   {   public static void main(String[] args)      {      LinkList theList = new LinkList();  // make list      theList.insertFirst(22, 2.99);      // insert 4 items      theList.insertFirst(44, 4.99);      theList.insertFirst(66, 6.99);      theList.insertFirst(88, 8.99);      theList.displayList();              // display list      Link f = theList.find(44);          // find item      if( f != null)         System.out.println("Found link with key " + f.iData);      else         System.out.println("Can't find link");      Link d = theList.delete(66);        // delete item      if( d != null )         System.out.println("Deleted link with key " + d.iData);      else         System.out.println("Can't delete link");      theList.displayList();              // display list      }  // end main()   }  // end class LinkList2App////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////#############################################################《3》 双端队列// firstLastList.java// demonstrates list with first and last references// to run this program: C>java FirstLastApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public long dData;                 // data item   public Link next;                  // next link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(long d)                // constructor      { dData = d; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayLink()          // display this link      { System.out.print(dData + " "); }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class FirstLastList   {   private Link first;               // ref to first link   private Link last;                // ref to last link// -------------------------------------------------------------   public FirstLastList()            // constructor      {      first = null;                  // no links on list yet      last = null;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()          // true if no links      { return first==null; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertFirst(long dd)  // insert at front of list      {      Link newLink = new Link(dd);   // make new link      if( isEmpty() )                // if empty list,         last = newLink;             // newLink <-- last      newLink.next = first;          // newLink --> old first      first = newLink;               // first --> newLink      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertLast(long dd)   // insert at end of list      {      Link newLink = new Link(dd);   // make new link      if( isEmpty() )                // if empty list,         first = newLink;            // first --> newLink      else         last.next = newLink;        // old last --> newLink      last = newLink;                // newLink <-- last      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public long deleteFirst()         // delete first link      {                              // (assumes non-empty list)      long temp = first.dData;      if(first.next == null)         // if only one item         last = null;                // null <-- last      first = first.next;            // first --> old next      return temp;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayList()      {      System.out.print("List (first-->last): ");      Link current = first;          // start at beginning      while(current != null)         // until end of list,         {         current.displayLink();      // print data         current = current.next;     // move to next link         }      System.out.println("");      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class FirstLastList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class FirstLastApp   {   public static void main(String[] args)      {                              // make a new list      FirstLastList theList = new FirstLastList();      theList.insertFirst(22);       // insert at front      theList.insertFirst(44);      theList.insertFirst(66);      theList.insertLast(11);        // insert at rear      theList.insertLast(33);      theList.insertLast(55);      theList.displayList();         // display the list      theList.deleteFirst();         // delete first two items      theList.deleteFirst();      theList.displayList();         // display again      }  // end main()   }  // end class FirstLastApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////#########################################################################《4》基于链表实现的栈// linkStack.java// demonstrates a stack implemented as a list// to run this program: C>java LinkStackApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public long dData;             // data item   public Link next;              // next link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(long dd)           // constructor      { dData = dd; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayLink()      // display ourself      { System.out.print(dData + " "); }   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkList   {   private Link first;            // ref to first item on list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public LinkList()              // constructor      { first = null; }           // no items on list yet// -------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()       // true if list is empty      { return (first==null); }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertFirst(long dd) // insert at start of list      {                           // make new link      Link newLink = new Link(dd);      newLink.next = first;       // newLink --> old first      first = newLink;            // first --> newLink      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public long deleteFirst()      // delete first item      {                           // (assumes list not empty)      Link temp = first;          // save reference to link      first = first.next;         // delete it: first-->old next      return temp.dData;          // return deleted link      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayList()      {      Link current = first;       // start at beginning of list      while(current != null)      // until end of list,         {         current.displayLink();   // print data         current = current.next;  // move to next link         }      System.out.println("");      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class LinkList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkStack   {   private LinkList theList;//--------------------------------------------------------------   public LinkStack()             // constructor      {      theList = new LinkList();      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public void push(long j)     // put item on top of stack      {      theList.insertFirst(j);      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public long pop()            // take item from top of stack      {      return theList.deleteFirst();      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()       // true if stack is empty      {      return ( theList.isEmpty() );      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayStack()      {      System.out.print("Stack (top-->bottom): ");      theList.displayList();      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class LinkStack////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkStackApp   {   public static void main(String[] args)      {      LinkStack theStack = new LinkStack(); // make stack      theStack.push(20);                    // push items      theStack.push(40);      theStack.displayStack();              // display stack      theStack.push(60);                    // push items      theStack.push(80);      theStack.displayStack();              // display stack      theStack.pop();                       // pop items      theStack.pop();      theStack.displayStack();              // display stack      }  // end main()   }  // end class LinkStackApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////################################################################################《5》基于链表实现的队列// linkQueue.java// demonstrates queue implemented as double-ended list// to run this program: C>java LinkQueueApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public long dData;                // data item   public Link next;                 // next link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(long d)               // constructor      { dData = d; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayLink()         // display this link      { System.out.print(dData + " "); }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class FirstLastList   {   private Link first;               // ref to first item   private Link last;                // ref to last item// -------------------------------------------------------------   public FirstLastList()            // constructor      {      first = null;                  // no items on list yet      last = null;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()          // true if no links      { return first==null; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertLast(long dd) // insert at end of list      {      Link newLink = new Link(dd);   // make new link      if( isEmpty() )                // if empty list,         first = newLink;            // first --> newLink      else         last.next = newLink;        // old last --> newLink      last = newLink;                // newLink <-- last      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public long deleteFirst()         // delete first link      {                              // (assumes non-empty list)      long temp = first.dData;      if(first.next == null)         // if only one item         last = null;                // null <-- last      first = first.next;            // first --> old next      return temp;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayList()      {      Link current = first;          // start at beginning      while(current != null)         // until end of list,         {         current.displayLink();      // print data         current = current.next;     // move to next link         }      System.out.println("");      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class FirstLastList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkQueue   {   private FirstLastList theList;//--------------------------------------------------------------   public LinkQueue()                // constructor      { theList = new FirstLastList(); }  // make a 2-ended list//--------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()          // true if queue is empty      { return theList.isEmpty(); }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public void insert(long j)        // insert, rear of queue      { theList.insertLast(j); }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public long remove()              // remove, front of queue      {  return theList.deleteFirst();  }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayQueue()      {      System.out.print("Queue (front-->rear): ");      theList.displayList();      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class LinkQueue////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkQueueApp   {   public static void main(String[] args)      {      LinkQueue theQueue = new LinkQueue();      theQueue.insert(20);                 // insert items      theQueue.insert(40);      theQueue.displayQueue();             // display queue      theQueue.insert(60);                 // insert items      theQueue.insert(80);      theQueue.displayQueue();             // display queue      theQueue.remove();                   // remove items      theQueue.remove();      theQueue.displayQueue();             // display queue      }  // end main()   }  // end class LinkQueueApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////################################################################################《6》有序队列// sortedList.java// demonstrates sorted list// to run this program: C>java SortedListApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public long dData;                  // data item   public Link next;                   // next link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(long dd)                // constructor      { dData = dd; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayLink()           // display this link      { System.out.print(dData + " "); }   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class SortedList   {   private Link first;                 // ref to first item// -------------------------------------------------------------   public SortedList()                 // constructor      { first = null; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()            // true if no links      { return (first==null); }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insert(long key)        // insert, in order      {      Link newLink = new Link(key);    // make new link      Link previous = null;            // start at first 重要!!!!!      Link current = first;            // 重要!!!!!!                                       // until end of list,      while(current != null && key > current.dData)         {                             // or key > current,         previous = current;         current = current.next;       // go to next item         }      if(previous==null)               // at beginning of list         first = newLink;              // first --> newLink      else                             // not at beginning         previous.next = newLink;      // old prev --> newLink      newLink.next = current;          // newLink --> old currnt      }  // end insert()// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link remove()           // return & delete first link      {                           // (assumes non-empty list)      Link temp = first;               // save first      first = first.next;              // delete first      return temp;                     // return value      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayList()      {      System.out.print("List (first-->last): ");      Link current = first;       // start at beginning of list      while(current != null)      // until end of list,         {         current.displayLink();   // print data         current = current.next;  // move to next link         }      System.out.println("");      }   }  // end class SortedList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class SortedListApp   {   public static void main(String[] args)      {                            // create new list      SortedList theSortedList = new SortedList();      theSortedList.insert(20);    // insert 2 items      theSortedList.insert(40);      theSortedList.displayList(); // display list      theSortedList.insert(10);    // insert 3 more items      theSortedList.insert(30);      theSortedList.insert(50);      theSortedList.displayList(); // display list      theSortedList.remove();      // remove an item      theSortedList.displayList(); // display list      }  // end main()   }  // end class SortedListApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////########################################################《7》表插入排序// listInsertionSort.java// demonstrates sorted list used for sorting// to run this program: C>java ListInsertionSortApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public long dData;                  // data item   public Link next;                   // next link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(long dd)                // constructor      { dData = dd; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class SortedList   {   private Link first;            // ref to first item on list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public SortedList()            // constructor (no args)      { first = null; }                    // initialize list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public SortedList(Link[] linkArr)  // constructor (array      {                               // as argument)      first = null;                        // initialize list      for(int j=0; j<linkArr.length; j++)  // copy array         insert( linkArr[j] );             // to list      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insert(Link k)     // insert (in order)      {      Link previous = null;            // start at first      Link current = first;                                       // until end of list,      while(current != null && k.dData > current.dData)         {                             // or key > current,         previous = current;         current = current.next;       // go to next item         }      if(previous==null)               // at beginning of list         first = k;                    // first --> k      else                             // not at beginning         previous.next = k;            // old prev --> k      k.next = current;                // k --> old currnt      }  // end insert()// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link remove()           // return & delete first link      {                           // (assumes non-empty list)      Link temp = first;               // save first      first = first.next;              // delete first      return temp;                     // return value      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class SortedList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class ListInsertionSortApp   {   public static void main(String[] args)      {      int size = 10;                                 // create array of links      Link[] linkArray = new Link[size];      for(int j=0; j<size; j++)  // fill array with links         {                            // random number         int n = (int)(java.lang.Math.random()*99);         Link newLink = new Link(n);  // make link         linkArray[j] = newLink;      // put in array         }                                 // display array contents      System.out.print("Unsorted array: ");      for(int j=0; j<size; j++)         System.out.print( linkArray[j].dData + " " );      System.out.println("");                                 // create new list      SortedList theSortedList = new SortedList(linkArray);      for(int j=0; j<size; j++)  // links from list to array         linkArray[j] = theSortedList.remove();                                 // display array contents      System.out.print("Sorted Array:   ");      for(int j=0; j<size; j++)         System.out.print(linkArray[j].dData + " ");      System.out.println("");      }  // end main()   }  // end class ListInsertionSortApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////########################################################《8》双向链表// doublyLinked.java// demonstrates doubly-linked list// to run this program: C>java DoublyLinkedApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public long dData;                 // data item   public Link next;                  // next link in list   public Link previous;              // previous link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(long d)                // constructor      { dData = d; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayLink()          // display this link      { System.out.print(dData + " "); }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class DoublyLinkedList   {   private Link first;               // ref to first item   private Link last;                // ref to last item// -------------------------------------------------------------   public DoublyLinkedList()         // constructor      {      first = null;                  // no items on list yet      last = null;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()          // true if no links      { return first==null; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertFirst(long dd)  // insert at front of list      {      Link newLink = new Link(dd);   // make new link      if( isEmpty() )                // if empty list,         last = newLink;             // newLink <-- last      else         first.previous = newLink;   // newLink <-- old first      newLink.next = first;          // newLink --> old first      first = newLink;               // first --> newLink      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertLast(long dd)   // insert at end of list      {      Link newLink = new Link(dd);   // make new link      if( isEmpty() )                // if empty list,         first = newLink;            // first --> newLink      else         {         last.next = newLink;        // old last --> newLink         newLink.previous = last;    // old last <-- newLink         }      last = newLink;                // newLink <-- last      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link deleteFirst()         // delete first link      {                              // (assumes non-empty list)      Link temp = first;      if(first.next == null)         // if only one item         last = null;                // null <-- last      else         first.next.previous = null; // null <-- old next      first = first.next;            // first --> old next      return temp;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link deleteLast()          // delete last link      {                              // (assumes non-empty list)      Link temp = last;      if(first.next == null)         // if only one item         first = null;               // first --> null      else         last.previous.next = null;  // old previous --> null      last = last.previous;          // old previous <-- last      return temp;      }// -------------------------------------------------------------                                     // insert dd just after key   public boolean insertAfter(long key, long dd)      {                              // (assumes non-empty list)      Link current = first;          // start at beginning      while(current.dData != key)    // until match is found,         {         current = current.next;     // move to next link         if(current == null)            return false;            // didn't find it         }      Link newLink = new Link(dd);   // make new link      if(current==last)              // if last link,         {         newLink.next = null;        // newLink --> null         last = newLink;             // newLink <-- last         }      else                           // not last link,         {         newLink.next = current.next; // newLink --> old next                                      // newLink <-- old next         current.next.previous = newLink;         }      newLink.previous = current;    // old current <-- newLink      current.next = newLink;        // old current --> newLink      return true;                   // found it, did insertion      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link deleteKey(long key)   // delete item w/ given key      {                              // (assumes non-empty list)      Link current = first;          // start at beginning      while(current.dData != key)    // until match is found,         {         current = current.next;     // move to next link         if(current == null)            return null;             // didn't find it         }      if(current==first)             // found it; first item?         first = current.next;       // first --> old next      else                           // not first                                     // old previous --> old next         current.previous.next = current.next;      if(current==last)              // last item?         last = current.previous;    // old previous <-- last      else                           // not last                                     // old previous <-- old next         current.next.previous = current.previous;      return current;                // return value      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayForward()      {      System.out.print("List (first-->last): ");      Link current = first;          // start at beginning      while(current != null)         // until end of list,         {         current.displayLink();      // display data         current = current.next;     // move to next link         }      System.out.println("");      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayBackward()      {      System.out.print("List (last-->first): ");      Link current = last;           // start at end      while(current != null)         // until start of list,         {         current.displayLink();      // display data         current = current.previous; // move to previous link         }      System.out.println("");      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class DoublyLinkedList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class DoublyLinkedApp   {   public static void main(String[] args)      {                             // make a new list      DoublyLinkedList theList = new DoublyLinkedList();      theList.insertFirst(22);      // insert at front      theList.insertFirst(44);      theList.insertFirst(66);      theList.insertLast(11);       // insert at rear      theList.insertLast(33);      theList.insertLast(55);      theList.displayForward();     // display list forward      theList.displayBackward();    // display list backward      theList.deleteFirst();        // delete first item      theList.deleteLast();         // delete last item      theList.deleteKey(11);        // delete item with key 11      theList.displayForward();     // display list forward      theList.insertAfter(22, 77);  // insert 77 after 22      theList.insertAfter(33, 88);  // insert 88 after 33      theList.displayForward();     // display list forward      }  // end main()   }  // end class DoublyLinkedApp////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////########################################################《9》迭代器// interIterator.java// demonstrates iterators on a linked listListIterator// to run this program: C>java InterIterAppimport java.io.*;                 // for I/O////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class Link   {   public long dData;             // data item   public Link next;              // next link in list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link(long dd)           // constructor      { dData = dd; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayLink()      // display ourself      { System.out.print(dData + " "); }   }  // end class Link////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class LinkList   {   private Link first;            // ref to first item on list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public LinkList()              // constructor      { first = null; }           // no items on list yet// -------------------------------------------------------------   public Link getFirst()         // get value of first      { return first; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void setFirst(Link f)   // set first to new link      { first = f; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean isEmpty()       // true if list is empty      { return first==null; }// -------------------------------------------------------------   public ListIterator getIterator()  // return iterator      {      return new ListIterator(this);  // initialized with      }                               //    this list// -------------------------------------------------------------   public void displayList()      {      Link current = first;       // start at beginning of list      while(current != null)      // until end of list,         {         current.displayLink();   // print data         current = current.next;  // move to next link         }      System.out.println("");      }// -------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class LinkList////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class ListIterator   {   private Link current;          // current link   private Link previous;         // previous link   private LinkList ourList;      // our linked list//--------------------------------------------------------------   public ListIterator(LinkList list) // constructor      {      ourList = list;      reset();      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public void reset()            // start at 'first'      {      current = ourList.getFirst();      previous = null;      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public boolean atEnd()         // true if last link      { return (current.next==null); }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public void nextLink()         // go to next link      {      previous = current;      current = current.next;      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public Link getCurrent()       // get current link      { return current; }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertAfter(long dd)     // insert after      {                                 // current link      Link newLink = new Link(dd);      if( ourList.isEmpty() )     // empty list         {         ourList.setFirst(newLink);         current = newLink;         }      else                        // not empty         {         newLink.next = current.next;         current.next = newLink;         nextLink();              // point to new link         }      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public void insertBefore(long dd)    // insert before      {                                 // current link      Link newLink = new Link(dd);      if(previous == null)        // beginning of list         {                        // (or empty list)         newLink.next = ourList.getFirst();         ourList.setFirst(newLink);         reset();         }      else                        // not beginning         {         newLink.next = previous.next;         previous.next = newLink;         current = newLink;         }      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   public long deleteCurrent()    // delete item at current      {      long value = current.dData;      if(previous == null)        // beginning of list         {         ourList.setFirst(current.next);         reset();         }      else                        // not beginning         {         previous.next = current.next;         if( atEnd() )            reset();         else            current = current.next;         }      return value;      }//--------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class ListIterator////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////class InterIterApp   {   public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException      {      LinkList theList = new LinkList();           // new list      ListIterator iter1 = theList.getIterator();  // new iter      long value;      iter1.insertAfter(20);             // insert items      iter1.insertAfter(40);      iter1.insertAfter(80);      iter1.insertBefore(60);      while(true)         {         System.out.print("Enter first letter of show, reset, ");         System.out.print("next, get, before, after, delete: ");         System.out.flush();         int choice = getChar();         // get user's option         switch(choice)            {            case 's':                    // show list               if( !theList.isEmpty() )                  theList.displayList();               else                  System.out.println("List is empty");               break;            case 'r':                    // reset (to first)               iter1.reset();               break;            case 'n':                    // advance to next item               if( !theList.isEmpty() && !iter1.atEnd() )                  iter1.nextLink();               else                  System.out.println("Can't go to next link");               break;            case 'g':                    // get current item               if( !theList.isEmpty() )                  {                  value = iter1.getCurrent().dData;                  System.out.println("Returned " + value);                  }               else                  System.out.println("List is empty");               break;            case 'b':                    // insert before current               System.out.print("Enter value to insert: ");               System.out.flush();               value = getInt();               iter1.insertBefore(value);               break;            case 'a':                    // insert after current               System.out.print("Enter value to insert: ");               System.out.flush();               value = getInt();               iter1.insertAfter(value);               break;            case 'd':                    // delete current item               if( !theList.isEmpty() )                  {                  value = iter1.deleteCurrent();                  System.out.println("Deleted " + value);                  }               else                  System.out.println("Can't delete");               break;            default:               System.out.println("Invalid entry");            }  // end switch         }  // end while      }  // end main()//--------------------------------------------------------------   public static String getString() throws IOException      {      InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(System.in);      BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);      String s = br.readLine();      return s;      }//-------------------------------------------------------------   public static char getChar() throws IOException      {      String s = getString();      return s.charAt(0);      }//-------------------------------------------------------------   public static int getInt() throws IOException      {      String s = getString();      return Integer.parseInt(s);      }//-------------------------------------------------------------   }  // end class InterIterApp
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