把握全局，学习计算机导论

　　当你对计算机学科涉及的领域有所了解后，就应该着手展开专业学习了。初读本专业的教学计划与课程设置，你或许会被诸如离散数学、编译原理、接口技术等生疏的课程名称弄得一头雾水。这些课程都是研究什么的?它们各自与我们面前的计算机有哪方面的联系?要回答这类问题，首先需要把握全局，从整体上认识计算机科学。

　　国内高等院校一般都为大一学生开设计算机基础课程。这类课程的受众面广，主要涉及计算机基础应用知识。各种版本的计算机基础教程几乎都以计算机科学导论作为开篇。对于把计算机作为应用工具的其他专业的学生而言，导论只算是“内容概要”，他们往往更注重后面的应用型知识;而对于把计算机作为研究对象的我们，则决不能忽略这类指导性的内容。专门地、有意识地学好计算机科学导论，能够使你对计算机科学有一个大局观，清楚地认识到每一个分支学科的研究领域与重要意义，从而在今后的具体学习中明确方向，加深理解。

　　依我个人的学习经验，建议初学者阅读一些国外优秀计算机基础与导论教材。与国内大多数讲解软硬件具体使用的同类教材相比，国外教材更偏重以应用为切入点，深入浅出地阐述计算机科学原理。诸如《计算机文化(第8版)》(《New Perspectives on Computer Concepts》中文版，机械工业出版社)、《计算机科学导论》(《Foundations of Computer Science: From Data Manipulation to Theory of Computation》中文版，机械工业出版社)：前者适合于各种信息类专业的学生或计算机爱好者阅读。该书图文并茂，语言生动，从应用角度出发，广泛涉及计算机软件、硬件、网络的基本原理，同时概述了计算机学科的历史背景与行业现状。随书的光盘中给出了不少影音材料，在学习的同时还可以提高计算机专业英语听说能力。后者在风格上与前者类似，但内容更适合计算机专业学生阅读，被美国不少高校定为计算机专业学生的入门课。它以实例作为出发点，系统地讲解了计算机组成、计算机网络、操作系统、数据结构、算法设计等分支学科的研究领域、基本原理和应用方向，而几乎不涉及晦涩的数学模型与实现细节。阅读此类书籍，可以在潜移默化中理清初学者对于计算机科学学习的思路。

　　计算机科学是一个有机联系的整体，每个分支都或多或少地与其它分支存在依赖关系。如果死板地依照教学计划线性地进行学习，往往会遇到知识理解上的问题。例如算法分析课程与程序设计课程分属理论与实践;组成原理课程与体系结构课程是对计算机系统不同层面的剖析。我们不能简单地找出它们的先修、后修关系，这样难以建立完整的知识体系。因此在把握大局之后，我们仍有必要简单了解一下每个分支学科的基础知识。在这方面，推荐大家阅读《编程卓越之道(第一卷)：深入理解计算机》(《WRITE GREAT CODE: Volume 1:Understanding the Machine》中文版，电子工业出版社)这本书。分开来看每一章节，其内容编排结构与国内高校计算机课程体制相近，涵盖了逻辑代数、数字电路、机器指令、体系结构、存储器管理等方面的基础知识和实现方法，特别是阐明了各个分支学科之间的本质联系。有了这些基础之后，在遇到更高阶的问题时，你至少会明白这个问题应该在哪个分支学科中寻找答案了。

　　当你有了一定的计算机理论基础，尤其是程序设计基础后，想更加深入地把握计算机科学的脉络，不妨看看这本书：《深入理解计算机系统(修订版)》 (《Computer Systems A Programmer's Perspective》中文版，中国电力出版社)。它与《编程卓越之道》系列的共同特点是从程序员的视角观察计算机系统。而这本书作为国外数十所高校的计算机系统导论教材，其组织更加严密，风格更加严谨。它以“程序在计算机中如何执行”为主线，全面阐述计算机系统内部实现的诸多细节。当你在学习数据结构、组成原理和体系结构等课程和时候，翻阅一下此书的相应章节，同时编程实现其中的例子，一定会对课本上单纯的文字型理论有更加感性的认识——原来它们是这样活生生地存在于我的计算机里的!

　　正所谓“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”，从计算机科学全局的高度整体把握其分支学科，在头脑中率先构建计算机科学的整体框架并为其夯实最基层的结构，就能够为你在未来每一步的学习中扫清迷雾，指明方向。

　　三、运筹帷幄，掌握编程的思想

　　程序设计与开发是计算机学习的一个关键环节，编程能力是衡量一名计算机专业人员素质的重要考核点。这是因为程序是连接理论与实践的纽带，是计算机科学与计算机技术相交融的领域。作为一名计算机专业学生，我们一方面有别于其它专业将计算机作为工具的应用型人才，不能仅仅利用计算机，而要为他人利用计算机提供平台;另一方面我们暂时达不到计算机科学家的水平，不能做出理论研究成果，但能为理论学习铺垫实践基础。因此，只有具备足够的程序设计与开发能力，才能真正体现我们的智慧，同时充分发挥计算机的潜力。

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