Week4-1Syntax
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Syntax
- Language is more than a bag of words!
- Grammar rules apply to the categories and groups of words, not individual word
- Example - a sentence includes a subject and a predicate
- Learn the new word and its syntactic usage.
Defining the POS
- What do nouns typically have in common?
- can be preceded by “the”
- Verbs can be preceded by can’t.
- Adjectives can be between “the” and a noun
- Determiners
Constituents
- Constituents are continuous
- Constituents are no-crossing, if 2 constituents share 1 word, then one of them must completely contain the other
- Each word is a constituent of itself
Constituent tests
- coordination test: if 2 parts can be connected by conjunctions, they are both constituents
- pronoun test: constituents can be replaced by corresponding pronouns
- question by repetition test
- I have seen blue elephants
- blue elephants? Yes
- seen blue? No
- seen blue elephants? Yes
- topicalization test
- Blue elephants, I have seen.
- question test:
- What have I seen?
- deletion test
- semantic test
- …
How to generate sentences?
- One way: tree structure
- Generate the tree structure first
- Fill the leaf nodes with terminals
PP ambiguity
The boy saw the woman with the telescope.
Repetition(*)
- JJ* = a sequence of zero or more JJ
- Are all sequences of adjectives allowed? No
- a big red house YES
- a red big house NO
- Adjective ordering in English depends on semantics!
Nested sentences
Birds fly. vs. I believe that birds fly.
Example
- I don’t recall whether I took the dog out.
- Do you know if the mall is still open?
Recursion
- S can generate VP, and VP can generate S.
- NP can generate PP, and PP can generate NP.
- Conjunctions of NPs and PPs
Meta-patterns(X-bar theory)
Auxiliaries
- Is “Aus V” a constituent? YES, pass the conjunction test.
- I have seen elephants and will remember them forever.
- Recursion
- VP -> Aux VP
- Raj may have been sleeping.
- VP -> Aux VP
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