LSA概述与实例

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LSA概述

Latent Semantic Analysis简单来说,就是将worddocument透射到concept space,然后在concept space中聚类,以实现语义级别的检索等功能。

LSA的核心,有以下几点:

  1. parse阶段,将文档表示为bags of words,同时忽略掉stop words以及标点符号。例如实例中的parse(self, doc)函数,输出一个字典对象,keywordvalue是出现的文档序号的list(同一篇文档可能出现同一个词多次,因此list中的值不唯一)。
  2. build阶段,构建count Matrix,行是word,列是document,对应的值是对应的worddocument中出现的频数。
  3. SVD,基于SVD上发现比较大的奇异值,并且投射到concept space
  4. picture,实现二维空间的可视化,发现聚类模式

LSA的使用,基于以下假设:

  1. 文档被表示为bags of words,也就是只考虑一篇文章中的词的频率而不考虑其顺序。
  2. 相同概念的词(表示相同或者近似内容)的词总会被聚类在一起
  3. 不考虑多义词,每个单词只确定其唯一含义

LSA注意

  1. 得到Count Matrix后,最好进行TF-IDF,来决定对应词在对应文档的重要性权值。
  2. 下面的实例中省略了第一个维度,因为第一个维度表征一个平均参数,具体来说就是这个文档平均有多少个词,或者这个词平均在多少个文档出现,意义不大因此省略。但是更加通用的做法是先对Count Matrix进行列的normalize,这样的话就不用省略第一个维度,缺点是这样会让sparse matrix变得dense

LSA优缺点

优点

  1. 将词和文档都聚类到同样的概念空间,因此可以在概念空间上实现聚类,并且可以实现词和文档的相互查询(比如根据词在概念空间上检索相应的文档)。
  2. 概念空间的维度相比原矩阵小得多,并且这些维度中包含的信息多噪音少。
  3. LSA是一种global algorithm,容易让我们发现难以观察到的模式信息等。

缺点

  1. 假设Gaussian distributionFrobenius norm,不一定适合所有的问题。比如,文章中的单词遵从Poisson distribution而不是Gaussian distribution
  2. 不能处理多义词的问题,假设每个单词只有一个意思。
  3. 严重依赖svd,计算量相对较大。

LSA实例

选用的9个文档标题分别是:

  1. The Neatest Little Guide to Stock Market Investing
  2. Investing For Dummies, 4th Edition
  3. The Little Book of Common Sense Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns
  4. The Little Book of Value Investing
  5. Value Investing: From Graham to Buffett and Beyond
  6. Rich Dad’s Guide to Investing: What the Rich Invest in, That the Poor and the Middle Class Do Not!
  7. Investing in Real Estate, 5th Edition
  8. Stock Investing For Dummies
  9. Rich Dad’s Advisors: The ABC’s of Real Estate Investing: The Secrets of Finding Hidden Profits Most Investors Miss

Count Matrix
这里写图片描述

SVD分解后,根据矩阵S对角线上奇异值的平方进行重要性排序,结果如下所示:
这里写图片描述

根据Book Title Matrix的聚类方法结果如下,使用维度2,3进行简单的聚类:
这里写图片描述

Dim2 Dim3 Titles red red 7,9 red blue 6 blue red 2,4,5,8 blue blue 1,3

根据Book Title Matrixword matrix的聚类方法结果如下,同样使用维度2,3进行简单的聚类:

这里写图片描述

%pylab inlinefrom numpy import zerosfrom scipy.linalg import svd#following needed for TFIDFfrom math import logfrom numpy import asarray, sumimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt titles = ["The Neatest Little Guide to Stock Market Investing",          "Investing For Dummies, 4th Edition",          "The Little Book of Common Sense Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns",          "The Little Book of Value Investing",          "Value Investing: From Graham to Buffett and Beyond",          "Rich Dad's Guide to Investing: What the Rich Invest in, That the Poor and the Middle Class Do Not!",          "Investing in Real Estate, 5th Edition",          "Stock Investing For Dummies",          "Rich Dad's Advisors: The ABC's of Real Estate Investing: The Secrets of Finding Hidden Profits Most Investors Miss"          ]stopwords = ['and','edition','for','in','little','of','the','to']ignorechars = ''',:'!'''class LSA(object):    def __init__(self, stopwords, ignorechars):        self.stopwords = stopwords        self.ignorechars = ignorechars        self.wdict = {}        self.dcount = 0            def parse(self, doc):        words = doc.split();        for w in words:            w = w.lower().translate(None, self.ignorechars)            if w in self.stopwords:                continue            elif w in self.wdict:                self.wdict[w].append(self.dcount)            else:                #考虑wdict['book']会不会出现[0,0]如果book在0中出现两次                self.wdict[w] = [self.dcount]        self.dcount += 1          def build(self):        self.keys = [k for k in self.wdict.keys() if len(self.wdict[k]) > 1]        self.keys.sort()        self.A = zeros([len(self.keys), self.dcount])        for i, k in enumerate(self.keys):            for d in self.wdict[k]:                self.A[i,d] += 1    def calc(self):        self.U, self.S, self.Vt = svd(self.A)    def picture0(self):        '''        根据奇异值的平方画出奇异值的重要性的bar图        '''        plt.bar(left=range(len(self.S)) ,height=(self.S**2)/sum(self.S**2),align="center")        plt.xticks(range(len(self.S)))        plt.title("The Importance of Each Singular Value")        plt.xlabel(u"Singular Values")        plt.ylabel(u"Importance")    def picture1(self):        '''        画出瓦片图        '''        plt.set_cmap('bwr')         plt.pcolor(-1*self.Vt[0:3,:])        plt.colorbar()        plt.yticks(np.arange(3)+0.5,['Dim1','Dim2','Dim3',])        plt.xticks(np.arange(9)+0.5,[i[0]+i[1] for i in zip(['T']*9 ,map(str,range(1,10)))])        plt.gca().invert_yaxis()        plt.gca().set_aspect('equal')        plt.xlabel("Book Titles")        plt.ylabel("Dimensions")        plt.title("Top 3 Dimensions of Each Book Title")    def picture2(self):        '''        画出散点图加上点的注释,投影到概念空间        '''        TitleX = -1*self.Vt[1,:]        TitleY = -1*self.Vt[2,:]        WordX = -1*self.U[:,1]        WordY = -1*self.U[:,2]        #画Word图的形状和注释        Words = self.keys        plt.plot(WordX,WordY,'rs')        for i in range(len(Words)):            plt.annotate(Words[i],xy=(WordX[i],WordY[i]),xytext=(2, 6),textcoords='offset points',color='red')        #画Title图的形状和注释        Titles = [i[0]+i[1] for i in zip(['T']*9 ,map(str,range(1,10)))]        plt.plot(TitleX,TitleY,'bo')        for i in range(len(TitleX)):            plt.annotate(Titles[i],xy=(TitleX[i],TitleY[i]),xytext=(2, 2),textcoords='offset points',color='blue')        plt.title('XY plots of Words and Titles')        plt.xlabel('Dimension 2')        plt.ylabel('Dimension 1')    def TFIDF(self):        WordsPerDoc = sum(self.A, axis=0)                DocsPerWord = sum(asarray(self.A > 0, 'i'), axis=1)        rows, cols = self.A.shape        for i in range(rows):            for j in range(cols):                self.A[i,j] = (self.A[i,j] / WordsPerDoc[j]) * log(float(cols) / DocsPerWord[i])    def printA(self):        print 'Here is the count matrix'        print self.A    def printSVD(self):        print 'Here are the singular values'        print self.S        print 'Here are the first 3 columns of the U matrix'        print -1*self.U[:, 0:3]        print 'Here are the first 3 rows of the Vt matrix'        print -1*self.Vt[0:3, :]

参考

  1. 非常棒的资料,参考了其中大多数内容
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