从头认识java-15.7 Map(4)-介绍HashMap的工作原理-hash碰撞(经常作为面试题)

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这一章节我们来讨论一下hash碰撞。

1.什么是hash碰撞?

就是两个对象的key的hashcode是一样的,这个时候怎么get他的value呢?

答案是通过equals遍历table那个位置上面的Entry链表。


2.例子

正常的例子:

package com.ray.ch14;import java.util.HashMap;public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {HashMap<Person, Dog> map = new HashMap<Person, Dog>();Person person_1 = new Person();person_1.setHeight(180);person_1.setId(1);person_1.setName("person_1");Person person_2 = new Person();person_2.setHeight(180);person_2.setId(2);person_2.setName("person_1");Dog dog_1 = new Dog();dog_1.setId(1);dog_1.setName("dog_1");Dog dog_2 = new Dog();dog_2.setId(2);dog_2.setName("dog_2");map.put(person_1, dog_1);map.put(person_2, dog_2);System.out.println("--" + map.get(person_1).getName());System.out.println("--" + map.get(person_2).getName());}}class Dog {private int id = 0;private String name = "";public int getId() {return id;}public void setId(int id) {this.id = id;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}@Overridepublic int hashCode() {System.out.println("dog's hashCode() invoked");return id;}@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {System.out.println("dog's equals invokes");return super.equals(obj);}}class Person {private int id = 0;private String name = "";private int height = 0;@Overridepublic int hashCode() {System.out.println("person id:" + id + ",hashCode() invoked,"+ "hashcode:" + this.name.hashCode() + this.height);return super.hashCode();}public int getId() {return id;}public void setId(int id) {this.id = id;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getHeight() {return height;}public void setHeight(int height) {this.height = height;}@Overridepublic String toString() {return "id:" + id + "; Name:" + this.name + "; height:" + this.height;}@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {System.out.println("id:" + id + ", equals invokes");return super.equals(obj);}}


输出:

person id:1,hashCode() invoked,hashcode:443164103180
person id:2,hashCode() invoked,hashcode:443164103180
person id:1,hashCode() invoked,hashcode:443164103180
--dog_1
person id:2,hashCode() invoked,hashcode:443164103180
--dog_2


解释:

(1)上面建立两个类,然后分别在hashCode和equal方法里面加上输出语句

(2)通过输出可以看到,其实我们重写的equals方法是没有被调用的,我们只需要通过hashcode就可以定位相应的对象


hash碰撞的代码:

package com.ray.ch14;import java.util.HashMap;public class Test {public static void main(String[] args) {HashMap<Person, Dog> map = new HashMap<Person, Dog>();Person person_1 = new Person();person_1.setHeight(180);person_1.setId(1);person_1.setName("person_1");Person person_2 = new Person();person_2.setHeight(180);person_2.setId(2);person_2.setName("person_1");Dog dog_1 = new Dog();dog_1.setId(1);dog_1.setName("dog_1");Dog dog_2 = new Dog();dog_2.setId(2);dog_2.setName("dog_2");map.put(person_1, dog_1);map.put(person_2, dog_2);System.out.println("--" + map.get(person_1).getName());System.out.println("--" + map.get(person_2).getName());}}class Dog {private int id = 0;private String name = "";public int getId() {return id;}public void setId(int id) {this.id = id;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}@Overridepublic int hashCode() {System.out.println("dog's hashCode() invoked");return id;}@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {System.out.println("dog's equals invokes");return super.equals(obj);}}class Person {private int id = 0;private String name = "";private int height = 0;@Overridepublic int hashCode() {System.out.println("person id:" + id + ",hashCode() invoked,"+ "hashcode:" + this.name.hashCode() + this.height);return this.name.hashCode() + this.height;// 重写的地方}public int getId() {return id;}public void setId(int id) {this.id = id;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getHeight() {return height;}public void setHeight(int height) {this.height = height;}@Overridepublic String toString() {return "id:" + id + "; Name:" + this.name + "; height:" + this.height;}@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {System.out.println("id:" + id + ", equals invokes");return super.equals(obj);}}

输出:

person id:1,hashCode() invoked,hashcode:443164103180person id:2,hashCode() invoked,hashcode:443164103180id:2, equals invokesperson id:1,hashCode() invoked,hashcode:443164103180id:1, equals invokes--dog_1person id:2,hashCode() invoked,hashcode:443164103180--dog_2

解释:

(1)我们重写了Person,也就是key的hashCode方法,人为的产生hash碰撞现象

(2)从输出可以看出,上面的代码需要用到equals方法


回归put和get的源码;

下面是put的源码:

 public V put(K key, V value) {        if (key == null)            return putForNullKey(value);        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {            Object k;            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {//注意的地方                V oldValue = e.value;                e.value = value;                e.recordAccess(this);                return oldValue;            }        }        modCount++;        addEntry(hash, key, value, i);        return null;    }

下面是get的源码:


public V get(Object key) {        if (key == null)            return getForNullKey();        int hash = hash(key.hashCode());        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];             e != null;             e = e.next) {            Object k;            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k)))//注意的地方                return e.value;        }        return null;    }

大家请注意我上面注释“注意的地方”:

(1)如果是平常没有hash碰撞的时候,前面的两个hash比较再加上key的地址的比较即可,然后后出现“短路”现象,使得后的句子不再执行。

(2)但是在出现hash碰撞的情况下,前面两个条件都成立,然后必须使用最后的equals来判断对象的相等。


3.hash碰撞出现的情景?

(1)一般会出现在大的数据情况之下

(2)hashcode的生成方法唯一性较弱(比如上面的人为的生产hashcode)


总结:这一章节主要通过介绍hash碰撞再一次深入了解HashMap的工作原理。


这一章节就到这里,谢谢。

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