科学美国人：Raw Stone Age Meals Got Tenderizing Treatment

难度还好，低空飘过

Chimpanzees spend about half their day chewing. "And for context, think about how much time a day you spend chewing." Daniel Lieberman, a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. "So how did we make that transition, from spending most of our day or half of our day chewing, to spending less than five percent?"

chimpanzees是什么意思  基本解释n.黑猩猩( chimpanzee的名词复数 )

Cooking certainly tenderizes food, making it easier to chew and digest. But evidence for human cookfires goes back only about 500,000 years, if that. And Homo erectus had already evolved weaker jaws, and smaller teeth, more than a million years before that. So Lieberman and his colleague Katherine Zink began their investigation by recreating a paleolithic dinner: yams, carrots, beets… and goat meat. "If you were to try to eat some raw goat with your teeth you would find that you would chew and chew and chew, it's like bubblegum."

tenderizes是什么意思  基本解释v.把（肉）捶得很软

erectus  “直立人。”

相对脆弱的下颌

Paleolithic是什么意思英音 [ˌpeɪli:əˈlɪθɪk]  美音[ˌpeliəˈlɪθɪk]  基本解释adj.<考古>旧石器时代的

yams是什么意思英音 ['jæmz]  美音['jæmz]  基本解释n.薯蓣( yam的名词复数 )；山药；甘薯；白薯

beets是什么意思  基本解释n.甜菜( beet的名词复数 )

Lucky volunteers got to experience that, by chewing the food. Either in its wild, un-tenderized state, or after it was bashed or sliced with Flintstonian tools. As the study subjects ate, the researchers monitored the frequency and force of each chew. And they found that a diet of abundant, pre-sliced meat, with a side of pounded root vegetables, might have saved Homo erectus two and a half million chews a year. Meaning: less need for big, bulky jaws and teeth. The research is in the journal Nature. [Katherine D. Zink & Daniel E. Lieberman, Impact of meat and Lower Palaeolithic food processing techniques on chewing in humans]

bashed [bæʃ]  vt. 猛击，痛击；怒殴

sliced [slaist]  adj. （食物）已切成薄片的

monitored  v. 指导，检测；监控（monitor的过去分词

pounded  adj. 捣碎的

a side 即 a side dish

bulky ['bʌlki]  adj. 体积大的；庞大的；笨重的

Of course, these days "processed food" has a pretty bad rap. But for our ancestors, food processing was key. "It's hard for people today to imagine what it was like to eat and cook and hunt during those times. For the vast majority of our evolutionary history, our ancestors had to work pretty hard to chew their dinner." Something for you to chew on, perhaps over dinner tonight.

bad rap 口碑差

而对你而言，一顿晚餐或许要用一整晚才能搞定。