View的工作原理

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相关概念:
ViewRoot:ViewRoot对应于ViewRootImpl类,它是连接WindowManager和DecorView的纽带,View的三大流程都是在viewroot中完成。

View的绘制流程:
View的绘制流程是从ViewRoot的performTraversals方法开始的,它经过measure,layout,draw三个过程才最终将一个View绘制出来,performTraversals会一次调用performMeasure,performLayout和performDraw三个方法,这三个方法分别会完成view的measure,layout,draw的流程,在measure方法中,又会调用onMeasure方法,在onMeasure方法中会对所有的子元素进行measure过程,这个时候measure流程就从父容器传递给子容器,这样就完成了一次测量接着子元素会重复父容器的measure的测量过程,如此反复的完成整个View树的过程,同理performLayout的执行原理和performDraw的执行原理和performMeasure的原理类似。

measure过程中决定了View的宽和高,Measure完成后,可以通过getMeasureWidth和getMeasureHeight方法来获取到View测量后的宽和高,在几乎所有情况下,它都等于最终的宽/高,但有一些特殊的情况。Layout过程中决定了View四个顶点的坐标,和实际View的宽和高。完成后可以通过getTop,getBottom,getLeft,getRight来拿到四个顶点的位置,并且可以通过getWidth,和getHeight完成最终的宽和高。Draw过程决定View的显示,只有Draw以后View才会显示在屏幕上。

DecorView作为顶级View,一般情况它内部包含一个竖直方向的Linearlayout,在这个LinearLayout里面有上下两个部分,上面是标题栏,下面是内容栏,在Activity中我们设置的setContentView所设置的View,实际上是被加载到了内容栏上了,而内容栏的id叫content,我们的布局确实又加载到了content上,因此叫做setContentView。,实际上DecorView是一个FrameLayout,View事件都是经过DecorView才传到我们的View。

理解MeasureSpec

MeasureSpec可以翻译为测量规格,在测量中,系统会将View的LayoutParams根据父容器所施加的规则转换成相应的MeasureSpec,然后再根据MeasureSpec测量出View的宽和高。MeasureSpec代表一个32位的int值,高2位代表SpecMode,低30位代表SpecSize,SpecMode是指测量模式,而SpecSize是指某种测量模式下的测量出来的大小,

MeasureSpec有三种模式:

UNSPECIFIED
父容器不对View有任何限制,要多大就多大,这种情况一般用于系统内部,表示一种测量状态。

EXACTLY
父容器已经测量出来View的精确大小,这个时候View的最终大小就是MeasureSpec测量的值,它对应于LayoutParams中的Match_parent和具体数值的两种情况。

AT_MOST
父容器指定了一个可用大小即SpecSize,View的大小不能大于这个值,具体多少,要看View的具体情况,它对应于LayoutParams的wrap_content这种情况。

View的宽高受View自身的LayoutParams和父容器的约束所决定,转换成相应的MeasureSpec,一旦MeasureSpec确定,onMeasure中就可以View测量的宽和高。

对于普通的View来说,这里是指我们布局中的View,View的measure过程是由ViewGroup传递过来的,先看一下ViewGroup的measureChiled

View的工作流程:

View的工作流程是指measure,layout,draw这三大流程,即测量,布局和绘制,其中measure是测量view的宽和高,layout是确定View控件四个顶点的位置,而draw则将View绘制在屏幕上。

View的measure过程:
View的measure过程由其measure方法来完成,measure方法是一个final类型,这意味着子类不能去重新这个方法,而measure方法中会调用onMeasure这个方法,因此我们去重写onMeasure这个方法。

@Override    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {        super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);        setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(),widthMeasureSpec), getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(),widthMeasureSpec));    }

setMeasureDimension会设置View宽和高的测量值,下面看一下getDefaultSize()这个方法:

 public static int getDefaultSize(int size, int measureSpec) {        int result = size;        int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(measureSpec);        int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(measureSpec);        switch (specMode) {        case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED:            result = size;            break;        case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST:        case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY:            result = specSize;            break;        }        return result;    }

如果测量模式是MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED 则默认值为size,是其它两种模式的话,就用测量的值,测量的值为specSize.
下面看一下,getSuggestedMinimumWidth这个方法:

protected int getSuggestedMinimumWidth() {        return (mBackground == null) ? mMinWidth : max(mMinWidth, mBackground.getMinimumWidth());    }

返回值得大小取决于控件view有没有设置背景,有设置背景,那么view的宽或者高的大小为mMinWidth和背景的最小宽或者高,如果没有背景,那么view的宽/高的测量返回这就是mMinWidth这个值,这个值为0。

下面我们实际书写写关于onMeasure方法的代码:

@Override    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {        super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);        int mWidth = 0;//这是我们想要设置的宽度        int mHeight = 0;//这是我们想要设置的高度        int widthMode=MeasureSpec.getMode(widthMeasureSpec);        int heightMode=MeasureSpec.getMode(heightMeasureSpec);        int widthSize=MeasureSpec.getSize(widthMeasureSpec);        int heightSize=MeasureSpec.getSize(heightMeasureSpec);        if(widthMeasureSpec==MeasureSpec.AT_MOST && heightMeasureSpec==MeasureSpec.AT_MOST){            setMeasuredDimension(mWidth, mHeight);        }else if(widthMode==MeasureSpec.AT_MOST){            setMeasuredDimension(mWidth, heightSize);        }else if(heightMode==MeasureSpec.AT_MOST){            setMeasuredDimension(widthSize, mHeight);        }    }

ViewGroup的测量过程:
对于ViewGroup来说,除了完成自己的measure过程外,还要遍历去测量子View的measure方法,各个子元素在递归去执行这个过程,和View不同的是,ViewGroup是一个抽象类,因此它没有重写View的onMeasure方法,但它提供了一个叫measureChildren的方法

 protected void measureChildren(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {        final int size = mChildrenCount;        final View[] children = mChildren;        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {            final View child = children[i];            if ((child.mViewFlags & VISIBILITY_MASK) != GONE) {                measureChild(child, widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);            }        }    }

从代码中可以看出来,在measureChildren方法中,会遍历所有子View,然后通过measureChild这个方法去测量每一个子View。
measureChild方法如下:

 protected void measureChild(View child, int parentWidthMeasureSpec,            int parentHeightMeasureSpec) {        final LayoutParams lp = child.getLayoutParams();        final int childWidthMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentWidthMeasureSpec,                mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight, lp.width);        final int childHeightMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentHeightMeasureSpec,                mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom, lp.height);        child.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);    }

最后一行表明,去调用view的measure方法,在最后调用onMeasure方法,这又回到了View的measure过程。

实际情况可以这么写:

@Override    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec)    {        /**         * 显示的设置一个宽度         */        if (!once)        {            LinearLayout wrapper = (LinearLayout) getChildAt(0);            menu = (ViewGroup) wrapper.getChildAt(0);            ViewGroup content = (ViewGroup) wrapper.getChildAt(1);            mMenuWidth = mScreenWidth - mMenuRightPadding;            mHalfMenuWidth = mMenuWidth / 2;            menu.getLayoutParams().width = mMenuWidth;            content.getLayoutParams().width = mScreenWidth;        }        super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);    }

在onMeasure完后可以通过getMeasureWidth和getMeasureHeight来得到测量view的宽和高,在某些极端情况下,系统可能需要多次测量,在这种情况下,我们通过getMeasureWidth和getMeasureHeight拿到的宽和高是不准确的,一个较好的习惯是在onLayout方法中获取View的测量宽或者高。

可能遇到的问题:
View的onMeasure和Acitivity的生命周期是不同步的,在onCreat,onStart,onResume中getMeasureWidth/getMeasureHeight获得宽和高,很可能是0,这里给出了4中解决方法。

1.Activity中的onWindowFocesChanged方法,通过上面的方法可以获得测量后的宽高。单这个方法会被调用多次。

@Override    public void onWindowFocusChanged(boolean hasFocus) {        super.onWindowFocusChanged(hasFocus);        if(hasFocus){            int mWidth=view.getMeasuredWidth();            int height=view.getMeasuredHeight();        }    }

2.view.post(runnable)方法: 通过post可以将一个runnable投递到消息队列的尾部,然后等待Looper调用此runnable的时候,View也初始化好了。

view.post(new Runnable() {            @Override            public void run() {                int mWidth=view.getMeasuredWidth();                int mHeight=view.getMeasuredHeight();            }        });

3.ViewTreeObserver 使用OnGlobalLayoutListener这个接口,当View树的状态发生改变或者View树内部View的可见性发生改变的时候,onGlobalLayout方法会被回调,需要注意的是随着View树的改变,这个方法会被调用多次:

ViewTreeObserver observer=view.getViewTreeObserver();                observer.addOnGlobalLayoutListener(new OnGlobalLayoutListener() {                    @Override                    public void onGlobalLayout() {                        view.getViewTreeObserver().removeOnGlobalLayoutListener(this);                        int mWidth=view.getMeasuredWidth();                        int mHeight=view.getMeasuredHeight();                    }                });

4.view.measure(int widthMeasureSpec,int heightMeasureSpec ) 比较复杂,这里不做解释了。

Layout过程:
Layout的作用是ViewGroup用来确定子元素的位置,当ViewGroup的位置被确定后,它在onLayout方法中会遍历所有子元素,并调用layout方法。而layout方法中onLayout方法会被调用,所以我们重写这个方法。Layout方法和Measure相比要简单许多,layout是确定View本身的位置,而onLayout方法会确定所有子元素的位置,先看View的layout方法:

 public void layout(int l, int t, int r, int b) {        if ((mPrivateFlags3 & PFLAG3_MEASURE_NEEDED_BEFORE_LAYOUT) != 0) {            onMeasure(mOldWidthMeasureSpec, mOldHeightMeasureSpec);            mPrivateFlags3 &= ~PFLAG3_MEASURE_NEEDED_BEFORE_LAYOUT;        }        int oldL = mLeft;        int oldT = mTop;        int oldB = mBottom;        int oldR = mRight;        boolean changed = isLayoutModeOptical(mParent) ?                setOpticalFrame(l, t, r, b) : setFrame(l, t, r, b);        if (changed || (mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) == PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED) {            onLayout(changed, l, t, r, b);            mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_LAYOUT_REQUIRED;            ListenerInfo li = mListenerInfo;            if (li != null && li.mOnLayoutChangeListeners != null) {                ArrayList<OnLayoutChangeListener> listenersCopy =                        (ArrayList<OnLayoutChangeListener>)li.mOnLayoutChangeListeners.clone();                int numListeners = listenersCopy.size();                for (int i = 0; i < numListeners; ++i) {                    listenersCopy.get(i).onLayoutChange(this, l, t, r, b, oldL, oldT, oldR, oldB);                }            }        }        mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT;        mPrivateFlags3 |= PFLAG3_IS_LAID_OUT;    }

在第16行走onLayout方法,layout方法的流程是:首先通过setFrame方法来设定View四个顶点的位置,即初始化了,l,t,r,b这四个值,View的这四个顶点一确定,那么View在父容器中的位置也就确定了,接着会被调用onLayout方法,这个方法的用途是为了确定子View在父控件中的位置,和onMeasure类似,onLayout的实现和具体的布局有关,view和viewGroup军没有实现onLayout方法,因此我们随便找一个父控件看onLayout方法,例如LinearLayout中的onLayout方法:

 @Override    protected void onLayout(boolean changed, int l, int t, int r, int b) {        if (mOrientation == VERTICAL) {            layoutVertical(l, t, r, b);        } else {            layoutHorizontal(l, t, r, b);        }    }

Draw过程:
draw过程的原里就简单了,它的作用是将View绘制到屏幕上,View的绘制过程遵循如下几步:
1.绘制背景 2.绘制自己 3.绘制children 4.绘制装饰。
draw方法的代码如下:

public void draw(Canvas canvas) {        if (mClipBounds != null) {            canvas.clipRect(mClipBounds);        }        final int privateFlags = mPrivateFlags;        final boolean dirtyOpaque = (privateFlags & PFLAG_DIRTY_MASK) == PFLAG_DIRTY_OPAQUE &&                (mAttachInfo == null || !mAttachInfo.mIgnoreDirtyState);        mPrivateFlags = (privateFlags & ~PFLAG_DIRTY_MASK) | PFLAG_DRAWN;        /*         * Draw traversal performs several drawing steps which must be executed         * in the appropriate order:         *         *      1. Draw the background         *      2. If necessary, save the canvas' layers to prepare for fading         *      3. Draw view's content         *      4. Draw children         *      5. If necessary, draw the fading edges and restore layers         *      6. Draw decorations (scrollbars for instance)         */        // Step 1, draw the background, if needed        int saveCount;        if (!dirtyOpaque) {            final Drawable background = mBackground;            if (background != null) {                final int scrollX = mScrollX;                final int scrollY = mScrollY;                if (mBackgroundSizeChanged) {                    background.setBounds(0, 0,  mRight - mLeft, mBottom - mTop);                    mBackgroundSizeChanged = false;                }                if ((scrollX | scrollY) == 0) {                    background.draw(canvas);                } else {                    canvas.translate(scrollX, scrollY);                    background.draw(canvas);                    canvas.translate(-scrollX, -scrollY);                }            }        }        // skip step 2 & 5 if possible (common case)        final int viewFlags = mViewFlags;        boolean horizontalEdges = (viewFlags & FADING_EDGE_HORIZONTAL) != 0;        boolean verticalEdges = (viewFlags & FADING_EDGE_VERTICAL) != 0;        if (!verticalEdges && !horizontalEdges) {            // Step 3, draw the content            if (!dirtyOpaque) onDraw(canvas);            // Step 4, draw the children            dispatchDraw(canvas);            // Step 6, draw decorations (scrollbars)            onDrawScrollBars(canvas);            if (mOverlay != null && !mOverlay.isEmpty()) {                mOverlay.getOverlayView().dispatchDraw(canvas);            }            // we're done...            return;        }        /*         * Here we do the full fledged routine...         * (this is an uncommon case where speed matters less,         * this is why we repeat some of the tests that have been         * done above)         */        boolean drawTop = false;        boolean drawBottom = false;        boolean drawLeft = false;        boolean drawRight = false;        float topFadeStrength = 0.0f;        float bottomFadeStrength = 0.0f;        float leftFadeStrength = 0.0f;        float rightFadeStrength = 0.0f;        // Step 2, save the canvas' layers        int paddingLeft = mPaddingLeft;        final boolean offsetRequired = isPaddingOffsetRequired();        if (offsetRequired) {            paddingLeft += getLeftPaddingOffset();        }        int left = mScrollX + paddingLeft;        int right = left + mRight - mLeft - mPaddingRight - paddingLeft;        int top = mScrollY + getFadeTop(offsetRequired);        int bottom = top + getFadeHeight(offsetRequired);        if (offsetRequired) {            right += getRightPaddingOffset();            bottom += getBottomPaddingOffset();        }        final ScrollabilityCache scrollabilityCache = mScrollCache;        final float fadeHeight = scrollabilityCache.fadingEdgeLength;        int length = (int) fadeHeight;        // clip the fade length if top and bottom fades overlap        // overlapping fades produce odd-looking artifacts        if (verticalEdges && (top + length > bottom - length)) {            length = (bottom - top) / 2;        }        // also clip horizontal fades if necessary        if (horizontalEdges && (left + length > right - length)) {            length = (right - left) / 2;        }        if (verticalEdges) {            topFadeStrength = Math.max(0.0f, Math.min(1.0f, getTopFadingEdgeStrength()));            drawTop = topFadeStrength * fadeHeight > 1.0f;            bottomFadeStrength = Math.max(0.0f, Math.min(1.0f, getBottomFadingEdgeStrength()));            drawBottom = bottomFadeStrength * fadeHeight > 1.0f;        }        if (horizontalEdges) {            leftFadeStrength = Math.max(0.0f, Math.min(1.0f, getLeftFadingEdgeStrength()));            drawLeft = leftFadeStrength * fadeHeight > 1.0f;            rightFadeStrength = Math.max(0.0f, Math.min(1.0f, getRightFadingEdgeStrength()));            drawRight = rightFadeStrength * fadeHeight > 1.0f;        }        saveCount = canvas.getSaveCount();        int solidColor = getSolidColor();        if (solidColor == 0) {            final int flags = Canvas.HAS_ALPHA_LAYER_SAVE_FLAG;            if (drawTop) {                canvas.saveLayer(left, top, right, top + length, null, flags);            }            if (drawBottom) {                canvas.saveLayer(left, bottom - length, right, bottom, null, flags);            }            if (drawLeft) {                canvas.saveLayer(left, top, left + length, bottom, null, flags);            }            if (drawRight) {                canvas.saveLayer(right - length, top, right, bottom, null, flags);            }        } else {            scrollabilityCache.setFadeColor(solidColor);        }        // Step 3, draw the content        if (!dirtyOpaque) onDraw(canvas);        // Step 4, draw the children        dispatchDraw(canvas);        // Step 5, draw the fade effect and restore layers        final Paint p = scrollabilityCache.paint;        final Matrix matrix = scrollabilityCache.matrix;        final Shader fade = scrollabilityCache.shader;        if (drawTop) {            matrix.setScale(1, fadeHeight * topFadeStrength);            matrix.postTranslate(left, top);            fade.setLocalMatrix(matrix);            canvas.drawRect(left, top, right, top + length, p);        }        if (drawBottom) {            matrix.setScale(1, fadeHeight * bottomFadeStrength);            matrix.postRotate(180);            matrix.postTranslate(left, bottom);            fade.setLocalMatrix(matrix);            canvas.drawRect(left, bottom - length, right, bottom, p);        }        if (drawLeft) {            matrix.setScale(1, fadeHeight * leftFadeStrength);            matrix.postRotate(-90);            matrix.postTranslate(left, top);            fade.setLocalMatrix(matrix);            canvas.drawRect(left, top, left + length, bottom, p);        }        if (drawRight) {            matrix.setScale(1, fadeHeight * rightFadeStrength);            matrix.postRotate(90);            matrix.postTranslate(right, top);            fade.setLocalMatrix(matrix);            canvas.drawRect(right - length, top, right, bottom, p);        }        canvas.restoreToCount(saveCount);        // Step 6, draw decorations (scrollbars)        onDrawScrollBars(canvas);        if (mOverlay != null && !mOverlay.isEmpty()) {            mOverlay.getOverlayView().dispatchDraw(canvas);        }    }

View绘制过程的传递是通过dispatchDraw来实现的,dispatchDraw会遍历所有子元素的draw方法,如此draw事件就一层层的传递下去。

自定义View所涉及到的一些有关问题:

1.如果有必要让你的View支持padding

这是因为直接继承View的控件,如果不在draw方法中处理paddding,那么padding属性无法起作用,另外直接继承自ViewGroup的控件需要在onMeasure和onLayout中考虑padding和子元素的margin对其造成的影响,不然将导致padding和子元素的margin失效。
在onDraw中考虑padding的代码:

@Override    protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {        super.onDraw(canvas);        int paddingLeft=getPaddingLeft();        int paddingRight=getPaddingRight();        int paddingTop=getPaddingTop();        int paddingBottom=getPaddingBottom();        int mWidth=getWidth()-paddingLeft-getPaddingRight();        int mHeight=getHeight()-paddingTop-paddingBottom;        canvas.drawCircle(mWidth/2, mHeight/2,50,paint);    }

为了使用自定义属性,必须在布局文件中添加schemas声明:xmlns:app=”http:android.com/apl/res-auto”,在这个声明中,app是自定义的,可以换成任意名字,但是自定义属性xml使用的时候必须和这个一致,也有另外一种声明方式,如:schemas:xmlns:app=”http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/com.ryg.chapter_4”,这种方式是apk/res后面附加应用的包名,但是这种方式并没有本质的区别。

继承ViewGroop的onMeasure和onLayout方法:

@Override    protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {        super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);        int mWidth=0;        int mHeight=0;        int mChildCount=getChildCount();        measureChildren(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);        int widthSpec=MeasureSpec.getSize(widthMeasureSpec);        int heightSpec=MeasureSpec.getSize(heightMeasureSpec);        int widthMode=MeasureSpec.getMode(widthMeasureSpec);        int HeightMode=MeasureSpec.getMode(heightMeasureSpec);        if(mChildCount==0){            setMeasuredDimension(0, 0);        }else{            if(MeasureSpec.AT_MOST==widthMode && MeasureSpec.AT_MOST==HeightMode){                setMeasuredDimension(mWidth, mHeight);            }else if(MeasureSpec.AT_MOST==widthMode){                setMeasuredDimension(mWidth, heightSpec);            }else if(MeasureSpec.AT_MOST==HeightMode){                setMeasuredDimension(widthMode, mHeight);            }        }    }    @Override    protected void onLayout(boolean changed, int l, int t, int r, int b) {        super.onLayout(changed, l, t, r, b);        int childLeft=0;        int childCount=getChildCount();        for(int i=0;i<childCount;i++){            View childView=getChildAt(i);            if(childView.getVisibility() !=View.GONE){                int childWidth=childView.getMeasuredWidth();                childView.layout(childLeft, 0, childLeft+childWidth, childView.getMeasuredHeight());                childLeft+=childLeft;            }        }    }

参考任玉刚老师的Android开发艺术探索一书中的View的原理,任大神的博客

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