javascript的Mixins

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mixin在javascript里可以看作是一种从别的对象”借用”功能的方法。每一个新定义的对象都有一个 prototype属性,其他的对象就可以从这里”借用”功能。这里的功能可以是一个属性,也可以是一个方法。

mixins这种借用在 javascript里非常的适用。在重用代码的时候可以使用mixins来实现继承,也可以达到类似多继承的效果。假设我们定义了这么一个对象:

var myMixins = {  moveUp: function(){    console.log( "move up" );  },  moveDown: function(){    console.log( "move down" );  },  stop: function(){    console.log( "stop! in the name of love!" );  }};

我们可以非常容易的使用一个helper来扩展现有的对象。比如使用Underscore.jsextend()方法:

// A skeleton carAnimator constructorfunction carAnimator(){  this.moveLeft = function(){    console.log( "move left" );  };}// A skeleton personAnimator constructorfunction personAnimator(){  this.moveRandomly = function(){ /*..*/ };}// Extend both constructors with our Mixin_.extend( carAnimator.prototype, myMixins );_.extend( personAnimator.prototype, myMixins );// Create a new instance of carAnimatorvar myAnimator = new carAnimator();myAnimator.moveLeft();myAnimator.moveDown();myAnimator.stop();// Outputs:// move left// move down// stop! in the name of love!

从代码可以看到,这个mixins实现的非常简单。在下一个例子中我们会使用两个构造函数:一个Car,一个Mixin。我们要做的就是使用一个自定义的argument方法来扩展Car,这样Car可以从Mixin里”借用”某些特定的方法。比如,driveForward()driveBackword()。这次我们不使用Underscore.js

这里例子会非常清楚的展示argument方法是怎么达到”借用”效果的:

// Define a simple Car constructorvar Car = function ( settings ) {        this.model = settings.model || "no model provided";        this.color = settings.color || "no colour provided";    };// Mixinvar Mixin = function () {};Mixin.prototype = {    driveForward: function () {        console.log( "drive forward" );    },    driveBackward: function () {        console.log( "drive backward" );    },    driveSideways: function () {        console.log( "drive sideways" );    }};// Extend an existing object with a method from anotherfunction augment( receivingClass, givingClass ) {    // only provide certain methods    if ( arguments[2] ) {        for ( var i = 2, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++ ) {            receivingClass.prototype[arguments[i]] = givingClass.prototype[arguments[i]];        }    }    // provide all methods    else {        for ( var methodName in givingClass.prototype ) {            // check to make sure the receiving class doesn't             // have a method of the same name as the one currently             // being processed             if ( !Object.hasOwnProperty(receivingClass.prototype, methodName) ) {                receivingClass.prototype[methodName] = givingClass.prototype[methodName];            }            // Alternatively:            // if ( !receivingClass.prototype[methodName] ) {            //  receivingClass.prototype[methodName] = givingClass.prototype[methodName];            // }        }    }}// Augment the Car constructor to include "driveForward" and "driveBackward"augment( Car, Mixin, "driveForward", "driveBackward" );// Create a new Carvar myCar = new Car({    model: "Ford Escort",    color: "blue"});// Test to make sure we now have access to the methodsmyCar.driveForward();myCar.driveBackward();// Outputs:// drive forward// drive backward// We can also augment Car to include all functions from our mixin// by not explicitly listing a selection of themaugment( Car, Mixin );var mySportsCar = new Car({    model: "Porsche",    color: "red"});mySportsCar.driveSideways();// Outputs:// drive sideways

好处和坏处

Mixins可以减少代码的重复增加代码的复用。如果一个对象需要使用其他对象已经定义的”功能”的时候,我们就可以使用mixins复用代码。这样就可以集中精力实现那么独一无二,确实非常需要的代码上。

但是,mixins也有值得商榷的一面。有很多开发者认为把方法注入到其他的对象里不是很好,这样会造成prototype污染,也会造成我们本来定义的对象的不确定性。这些确实会发生。

我个人觉得良好的文档会减少mixins的使用造成的困惑。而且,不管任何的模式。只要我们在开发的时候就考虑好它的利和弊,那么就会减少不必要的问题。

原文地址:https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/learning-javascript-design/9781449334840/ch09s13.html

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