安装Linux后需要调整的一些参数【Linux调优】
来源:互联网 发布:ckfree男士香水淘宝 编辑:程序博客网 时间:2024/05/15 11:05
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[root@alon ~]
# sed -i 's#SELINUX=enforcing#SELINUX=disabled#' /etc/selinux/config
##用sed命令修改SELinux的状态
[root@alon ~]
# grep SELINUX=disable /etc/selinux/config ##检查是否修改成功
SELINUX=disabled
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[root@alon ~]
# setenforce 0 ##[ Enforcing | Permissive | 1 | 0 ]
##数字0表示Permissive,只给出警示,相当于disable
##数字1表示Enforcing,表示开启状态
[root@alon ~]
# getenforce ##获取当前SELinux的状态
Permissive
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[root@alon ~]
# grep 3:initdefault /etc/inittab ##表示已经是文本模式
id
:3:initdefault:
[root@alon ~]
# runlevel ##显示当前的运行级别
N 3
[root@alon ~]
# init 5 ##切换为5运行级别,如果装了桌面程序可用startx
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[root@alon ~]
# LANG=en
[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig --list |grep 3:on
abrt-ccpp 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off
abrtd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off
acpid 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
atd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
auditd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
autofs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
blk-availability 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
certmonger 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
cpuspeed 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
cups 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
haldaemon 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
irqbalance 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
kdump 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
lvm2-monitor 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
mcelogd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:on 6:off
mdmonitor 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
messagebus 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
nfslock 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
postfix 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
rpcgssd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sysstat 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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[root@alon ~]
# for richy in `chkconfig --list |grep 3:on|awk '{print $1}'`;do chkconfig --level 3 $richy off;done
[root@alon ~]
# for richy in crond network rsyslog sshd sysstat ;do chkconfig --level 3 $richy on ;done
[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig --list |grep 3:on
crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sysstat 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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[root@alon ~]
# for richy in `chkconfig --list |grep "3:on"|awk '{print $1}'|grep -vE "crond|network|sshd|rsyslog|sysstat"`;do chkconfig $richy off ;done
[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig --list |grep "3:on"
crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sysstat 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig --list |grep 3:on|grep -vE "crond|sshd|rsyslog|network|sysstat" |awk '{print "chkconfig " $1 " off"}' |bash
[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig --list |grep "3:on"
crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sysstat 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig --list |grep 3:on|grep -vE "crond|sshd|rsyslog|network|sysstat" |awk '{print $1}'|sed -r 's#(.*)#chkconfig \1 off#g' |bash
[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig --list |grep "3:on"
crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
sysstat 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
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[root@alon ~]
# /etc/init.d/iptables stop
iptables: Setting chains to policy ACCEPT: filter [ OK ]
iptables: Flushing firewall rules: [ OK ]
iptables: Unloading modules: [ OK ]
[root@alon ~]
# /etc/init.d/iptables stop ##重复一遍,确保关闭
[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig iptables off ##关闭开机自启动命令
[root@alon ~]
# chkconfig --list |grep iptables
iptables 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
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[root@alon ~]
# cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.bak
[root@alon ~]
# vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
####以下为新增加的内容,以替换默认配置####
Port 60022
##端口范围0-65535,建议大于1024
PermitRootLogin no
##是否允许密码为空的用户登陆
PermitEmptyPasswords no
##是否允许root用户登陆,[yes | no | without-password | forced-commands-only]
UseDNS no
##指定sshd是否应该对远程主机名进行反向解析,已检查此主机名是否与其IP地址真实对应,默认为yes
GSSAPIAuthentication no
##解决Linux之间使用SSH远程连接慢的问题
####--------END-------####
##重启sshd服务以生效 以下两种重启方法
[root@alon ~]
# /etc/init.d/sshd reload
Reloading sshd: [ OK ]
[root@alon ~]
# /etc/init.d/sshd restart
Stopping sshd: [ OK ]
Starting sshd: [ OK ]
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[root@alon ~]
# echo "########修改ssh默认登录端口,禁止root用户登陆#######"\
>
cp
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
.`
date
+
"%F%H%M%S"
`\
>
sed
-i
's%#Port 22%Port 60022%'
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
\
>
sed
-i
's%#PermitRootLogin yes%PermitRootLogin no%'
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
\
>
sed
-i
's%#PermitEmptyPasswords no%PermitEmptyPasswords no%'
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
\
>
sed
-i
's%#UseDNS yes%UseDNS no%'
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
\
>
sed
-i
's%#GSSAPIAuthentication yes%GSSAPIAuthentication no%'
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
\
>
grep
"USEDNS |60022|RootLogin|Emptypass|GSSAPIAuthentication"
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
\
/etc/init
.d
/sshd
reload
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[root@alon ~]
# sed -ir '13 iPort 60022\nPermitRootLogin no\nPermitEmptyPasswords no\nUseDNS no\nGSSAPIAuthentication no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
[root@alon ~]
# sed -n '13,17p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Port 60022
PermitRootLogin no
PermitEmptyPasswords no
UseDNS no
GSSAPIAuthentication no
####在第13行插入上述内容###
/etc/init
.d
/sshd
reload
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[root@alon ~]
# netstat -an |grep 192.168.0.25
tcp 0 0 192.168.0.62:60022 192.168.0.25:5789 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 192.168.0.62:22 192.168.0.25:5761 ESTABLISHED
tcp 0 0 192.168.0.62:22 192.168.0.25:14680 ESTABLISHED
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[root@alon ~]
# sed -n '13,20p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Port 60022
PermitRootLogin no
PermitEmptyPasswords no
UseDNS no
GSSAPIAuthentication no
#Port 22
#AddressFamily any
#ListenAddress 192.168.0.25 ##表示指定监听本机内网的IP地址,防止其他主机登陆
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[root@alon ~]
# iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 60022 -s 192.168.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT
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[root@alon ~]
# visudo ##相当于直接编辑/etc/sudoers,使用命令visudo更安全和方便
98 root ALL=(ALL) ALL
99 richy ALL=(ALL)
/usr/sbin/useradd
,
/usr/sbin/userdel
用户 机器=(授权使用哪个角色的权限) 授权的命令
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99 richy ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
##结尾的ALL 即相当于完全的系统管理权限
##结尾的NOPASSWORD 表示提权执行命令的时候不需要提示输入密码
[root@alon ~]
# grep richy /etc/sudoers ##检查是否配置成功
richy ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
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[root@alon ~]
# cp /etc/sudoers /etc/sudoers.`date "+%F%H%M%S"`
[root@alon ~]
# echo "richy ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" >>/etc/sudoers
[root@alon ~]
# tail -1 /etc/sudoers
richy ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
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[richy@alon ~]$
sudo
-l
Matching Defaults entries
for
richy on this host:
requiretty, !visiblepw, always_set_home, env_reset, env_keep="COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE
INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS
", env_keep+="
MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE",
env_keep+=
"LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
, env_keep+="LC_MONETARY
LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE
", env_keep+="
LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET
XAUTHORITY", secure_path=
/sbin
\:
/bin
\:
/usr/sbin
\:
/usr/bin
User richy may run the following commands on this host:
(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
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[root@alon ~]
# cp /etc/sysconfig/i18n /etc/sysconfig/i18n.bak
[root@alon ~]
# echo 'LANG="ZH_cn.UTF-8"' >/etc/sysconfig/i18n
[root@alon ~]
# source /etc/sysconfig/i18n
[root@alon ~]
# echo $LANG
ZH_cn.UTF-8
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[root@alon ~]
# /usr/sbin/ntpdate time.nist.gov
1 Oct 02:52:58 ntpdate[6876]: step
time
server 128.138.141.172 offset 5471923.694453 sec
[root@alon ~]
# which ntpdate
/usr/sbin/ntpdate
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[root@alon ~]
# echo '######NTP Server by richy at 2016-10-1######' >> /var/spool/cron/root
[root@alon ~]
# echo '*/5 * * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate time.nist.gov >/dev/null 2>&1' >>/var/spool/cron/root
[root@alon ~]
# crontab -l
######NTP Server by richy at 2016-10-1######
*
/5
* * * *
/usr/sbin/ntpdate
time
.nist.gov >
/dev/null
2>&1
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[root@alon ~]
# export TMOUT=10
[root@alon ~]
# timed out waiting for input: auto-logout ##10秒展示超时并退出
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[richy@alon ~]$
export
HISTSIZE=1000
##history 的缓存命令数量
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[root@alon ~]
# echo 'export TMOUT=300' >>/etc/profile
[root@alon ~]
# echo 'export HISTSIZE=1000' >>/etc/profile
[root@alon ~]
# echo 'export HISTFILESIZE=10' >>/etc/profile
[root@alon ~]
# tail -3 /etc/profile
export
TMOUT=300
##连接超时时间控制变量
export
HISTSIZE=1000
##命令行的历史记录数量变量
export
HISTFILESIZE=10
##历史记录文件的命令数量变量(~/.bash_history)
[root@alon ~]
# source /etc/profile
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[root@alon ~]
# ulimit -n
1024
1
* - nofile 65535
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[root@alon ~]
# echo '* - nofile 65535' >>/etc/security/limits.conf
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[richy@alon ~]$
ulimit
-n
65535
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[root@alon ~]
# cat >>/etc/rc.local<<EOF
>
#-s use the 'soft' resource limit
>
#-H use the 'hard' resource limit
>
#-n the maximum number of open file descriptors
>
ulimit
-HSn 65535
>
#-s the maximum stack size
>
ulimit
-s 65535
> EOF
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### 这个优化适合Apache、Nginx、Squid等多种WEB应用,特殊的业务可能需要略作调整。
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 4000 65000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 36000
net.ipv4.route.gc_timeout = 100
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1
net.core.somaxconn = 16384
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 16384
# 一下参数是对iptables防火墙的优化,防火墙不开启会提示,可以忽略不计
net.nf_conntrack_max = 25000000
net.netfi1ter.nf_conntrack~max = 25000000
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack~tcp-t1'meout_estab1ished = 180
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_t1
'meout_t1'
me_wait = 120
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack*tcp~t1'meout,close_wait = 60
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack*tcp~t1'meout*fin__wait = 120
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[root@alon ~]
# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
error:
"net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables"
is an unknown key
error:
"net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables"
is an unknown key
error:
"net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables"
is an unknown key
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 600
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 4000 65000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 36000
net.ipv4.route.gc_timeout = 100
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1
net.core.somaxconn = 16384
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 16384
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 16384
net.nf_conntrack_max = 25000000
error:
"net.netfi1ter.nf_conntrack~max"
is an unknown key
error:
"net.netfilter.nf_conntrack~tcp-t1'meout_estab1ished"
is an unknown key
error:
"net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_t1'meout_t1'me_wait"
is an unknown key
error:
"net.netfilter.nf_conntrack*tcp~t1'meout,close_wait"
is an unknown key
error:
"net.netfilter.nf_conntrack*tcp~t1'meout*fin__wait"
is an unknown key
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[root@alon ~]
# find /var/spool/clientmqueue/ -type f |xargs rm -f ##用于CENTOS 5
[root@alon ~]
# find /var/spool/postfix/maildrop/ -type f |xargs rm -f ##用于CENTOS 6
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[root@alon ~]
# mkdir -p /server/scripts
[root@alon ~]
# echo "find /var/spool/postfix/maildrop/ -type f |xargs rm -f " > /server/scripts/del_mail_files.sh
[root@alon ~]
# cat /server/scripts/del_mail_files.sh
find
/var/spool/postfix/maildrop/
-
type
f |
xargs
rm
-f
[root@alon ~]
# echo "00 00 * * * /bin/sh /server/scripts/del_mail_files.sh >/dev/null 2>&1" >>/var/spool/cron/root
[root@alon ~]
# crontab -l ##查看定时任务列表
######NTP Server by richy at 2016-10-1######
*
/5
* * * *
/usr/sbin/ntpdate
time
.nist.gov >
/dev/null
2>&1
00 00 * * *
/bin/sh
/server/scripts/del_mail_files
.sh >
/dev/null
2>&1
[root@alon ~]
# df -i ##查看系统inode总量、剩余量、使用量
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_alon-lv_root
2990080 66478 2923602 3% /
tmpfs 486039 1 486038 1%
/dev/shm
/dev/sda1
128016 39 127977 1%
/boot
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[root@alon ~]
# cat /etc/issue
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
Kernel \r on an \m
[root@alon ~]
# cat /etc/issue.net
CentOS release 6.5 (Final)
Kernel \r on an \m
[root@alon ~]
# > /etc/issue
[root@alon ~]
# > /etc/issue.net
[root@alon ~]
# cat /etc/issue /etc/issue.net
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[root@alon ~]
# chattr +i /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/inittab
##解锁命令如下
[root@alon ~]
# chattr -i /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/inittab
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[root@alon ~]
# mv /usr/bin/chattr /usr/bin/richylocal ##改名
[root@alon ~]
# chattr +i /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/inittab
-
bash
:
/usr/bin/chattr
: No such
file
or directory
[root@alon ~]
# richylocal +i /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/inittab
[root@alon ~]
# richylocal -i /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/inittab
[root@alon ~]
# mv /usr/bin/richylocal /etc/chattr ##还原成chattr
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bin adm lp halt mail uucp operator games gopher
ftp
dbus vcsa abrt ntp saslauth postfix tcpdump等。
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[root@alon ~]
# /sbin/grub-md5-crypt
Password:
Retype password:
$1$cc1Q./$PS9.NLcRTAkvS6NBePS771
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[root@alon ~]
# vim /etc/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/mapper/vg_alon-lv_root
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)
/grub/splash
.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
password --md5 $1$cc1Q./$PS9.NLcRTAkvS6NBePS771
##增加的password加在splashimage 和 title之间,否则可能无法生效
title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel
/vmlinuz-2
.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=
/dev/mapper/vg_alon-lv_root
rd_NO_LUKS LANG=en_US.UTF-8 rd_LVM_LV=vg_alon
/lv_swap
rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto rd_LVM_LV=vg_alon
/lv_root
KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd
/initramfs-2
.6.32-431.el6.x86_64.img
1
2
3
4
[root@alon ~]
# echo "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.conf
[root@alon ~]
# tail -1 /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1
[root@alon ~]
# sysctl -p
1
2
删除
/etc/sysctl
.conf中的 net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1 ,保存后并执行如下命令
[root@alon ~]
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
1
2
3
4
[root@alon ~]
# rpm -qa openssl openssh bash
bash
-4.1.2-15.el6_4.x86_64
openssl-1.0.1e-15.el6.x86_64
openssh-5.3p1-94.el6.x86_64
1
[root@alon ~]
# yum install -y openssl openssh bash
1
2
3
4
5
[root@alon ~]
# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
##删除下面的两条记录,
HWADDR=00:0C:29:E9:20:FF
UUID=10447b7c-2ace-4ea6-8f3b-83119a8bd77d
##也可以根据实际情况对MAC和UUID进行修改。
1
2
[root@alon ~]
# > /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
##提示:机器名可以不更改
0 0
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