GTKmm 練習筆記(一)關於BOX容器的應用
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gtkmm的GUI開發上最大的困難點在於文檔與範例稀少,學習的來源有限,故在自己學習的路上希望能做些筆記,
這一系列筆記一方面為了強化自己的記憶,另一方面給有興趣一同研究這套跨平台GUI庫的同好一點參考的來源。
如果尚不知道如何架設環境的朋友可以看我的另一篇文章,"gtkmm環境架設筆記"。
這次主要紀錄練習關於BOX容器的應用,範例檔來自於gtkmm開發團隊在github上的box容器範例,我會在源碼中在難以理解的地方加上註釋,並對原有官方
註釋進行翻譯。
範例連結
執行範例時要傳入參數,共有1,2,3種選項。
擷取畫面一
擷取畫面二
擷取畫面三
開始進入正題
首先是頭文件 "examplewindow.h",用於定義主要窗口的構成
//$Id: examplewindow.h 705 2006-07-19 02:55:32Z jjongsma $ -*- c++ -*-/* gtkmm example Copyright (C) 2002 gtkmm development team * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 * as published by the Free Software Foundation. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA */#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H#define GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H#include <gtkmm.h>class ExampleWindow : public Gtk::Window //主要視窗,必須繼承自Gtk::Window{public: ExampleWindow(int which); virtual ~ExampleWindow();protected: //Signal handlers: void on_button_quit_clicked(); //自訂義Button點擊事件 //Child widgets: Gtk::Button m_button; //button 容器宣告 Gtk::Box m_box1; //box 容器宣告 Gtk::Box m_boxQuit; //box 容器宣告 Gtk::Button m_buttonQuit; //Button 容器宣告 Gtk::Label m_Label1, m_Label2;//Label 容器宣告 Gtk::Separator m_separator1, m_separator2;//用於控件分離的控件 官方字典連結};#endif //GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H
接著是 "examplewindow.cpp",實現剛剛各個容器的定義。
#include <iostream>#include "examplewindow.h"#include "packbox.h"ExampleWindow::ExampleWindow(int which): m_box1(Gtk::ORIENTATION_VERTICAL), m_buttonQuit("Quit"){ set_title("Gtk::Box example"); PackBox *pPackBox1, *pPackBox2, *pPackBox3, *pPackBox4, *pPackBox5;//這裡這五個控件是自訂義控件,定義內容寫於"packbox.h" switch(which)//這是一開始傳進來的參數,用於決定顯示哪個demo { case 1://第一個範例 { m_Label1.set_text("Gtk::Box(Gtk::ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL); set_homogeneous(false);");//這裡一整句是在設定靜態文本控件的字串,內容為 設定box為橫向,且內部子控件可以大小不一
// 將控件對齊線設定為左側m_Label1.set_halign(Gtk::ALIGN_START); m_Label1.set_valign(Gtk::ALIGN_START); // Pack the label into the vertical box (vbox box1). Remember that // widgets added to a vbox will be packed one on top of the other in // order.//將靜態文本控件打包到直向box(vbox)中,所有被打包進vbox的控件將會依次由上自下排列
m_box1.pack_start(m_Label1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK);//Gtk::PACK_SHERINK :將m_Label1打包進m_box1中,大小與子控件關聯 官網字典連結 // Create a PackBox - homogeneous = false, spacing = 0,//創建自訂義PackBox,內部子控件可以大小不一致,間距為零。// options = Gtk::PACK_SHRINK, padding = 0 pPackBox1 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(false, 0, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK));//gtkmm可以動態載入控件,使用的方法為gtk::manage 官網字典連結m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK);//打包控件 // Create a PackBox - homogeneous = false, spacing = 0, // options = Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_PADDING, padding = 0pPackBox2 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(false, 0, Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_PADDING));// Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_PADDING :空間將被拓展,剩餘空間由空白填充 m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox2, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); // Create a PackBox - homogeneous = false, spacing = 0, // options = Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_WIDGET, padding = 0 pPackBox3 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(false, 0, Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_WIDGET)); m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox3, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); // pack the separator into the vbox. Remember each of these // widgets are being packed into a vbox, so they'll be stacked // vertically.//將分離控件打包進vbox中,這些控件會被垂直堆疊 m_box1.pack_start(m_separator1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK, 5); // create another new label, and show it.//創建另一個靜態文本控件,然後顯示它 m_Label2.set_text("Gtk::Box(Gtk::ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL); set_homogeneous(true);"); m_Label2.set_halign(Gtk::ALIGN_START); m_Label2.set_valign(Gtk::ALIGN_START); m_box1.pack_start(m_Label2, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); // Args are: homogeneous, spacing, options, padding//參數分別為,"同質性(子控件大小是否一致)"、"選項"、"間距選項" pPackBox4 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(true, 0, Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_PADDING)); m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox4, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); // Args are: homogeneous, spacing, options, padding pPackBox5 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(true, 0, Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_WIDGET)); m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox5, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); m_box1.pack_start(m_separator2, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK, 5); break; }//剩下都是大同小異,與上面語法並無不同,但可繼續學習控件的打包方式 case 2: { m_Label1.set_text("Gtk::Box(Gtk::ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 10); set_homogeneous(false);"); m_Label1.set_halign(Gtk::ALIGN_START); m_Label1.set_valign(Gtk::ALIGN_START); m_box1.pack_start(m_Label1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); pPackBox1 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(false, 10, Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_PADDING)); m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); pPackBox2 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(false, 10, Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_WIDGET)); m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox2, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); m_box1.pack_start(m_separator1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK, 5); m_Label2.set_text("Gtk::Box(Gtk::ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL); set_homogeneous(false);"); m_Label2.set_halign(Gtk::ALIGN_START); m_Label2.set_valign(Gtk::ALIGN_START); m_box1.pack_start(m_Label2, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); pPackBox3 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(false, 0, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK, 10)); m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox3, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); pPackBox4 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(false, 0, Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_WIDGET, 10)); m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox4, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); m_box1.pack_start(m_separator2, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK, 5); break; } case 3: { // This demonstrates the ability to use Gtk::Box::pack_end() to // right justify widgets. First, we create a new box as before. pPackBox1 = Gtk::manage(new PackBox(false, 0, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK)); // create the label that will be put at the end. m_Label1.set_text("end"); // pack it using pack_end(), so it is put on the right side // of the PackBox. pPackBox1->pack_end(m_Label1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); m_box1.pack_start(*pPackBox1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); // this explicitly sets the separator to 500 pixels wide by 5 pixels // high. This is so the hbox we created will also be 500 pixels wide, // and the "end" label will be separated from the other labels in the // hbox. Otherwise, all the widgets in the hbox would be packed as // close together as possible. m_separator1.set_size_request(500, 5); // pack the separator into the vbox. m_box1.pack_start(m_separator1, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK, 5); break; } default: { std::cerr << "Unexpected command-line option." << std::endl; break; } } // Connect the signal to hide the window: m_buttonQuit.signal_clicked().connect( sigc::mem_fun(*this, &ExampleWindow::on_button_quit_clicked) ); // pack the button into the quitbox. // The last 2 arguments to Box::pack_start are: options, padding. m_boxQuit.pack_start(m_buttonQuit, Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_PADDING); m_box1.pack_start(m_boxQuit, Gtk::PACK_SHRINK); // pack the vbox (box1) which now contains all our widgets, into the // main window. add(m_box1); show_all_children();}ExampleWindow::~ExampleWindow(){}void ExampleWindow::on_button_quit_clicked(){ hide();}
剛才可以看到自訂義控件packbox可以來參考一下它的實現過程,以下為文檔"packbox.h",
做了自定義控件的定義。
#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLE_PACKBOX_H#define GTKMM_EXAMPLE_PACKBOX_H#include <gtkmm.h>class PackBox : public Gtk::Box//繼承至GTK::BOX{public: PackBox(bool homogeneous, int spacing, Gtk::PackOptions options, int padding = 0);//初始化函數,參數為"子控件大小同質性",
//"間距","打包選項"、"留白" virtual ~PackBox();protected: Gtk::Button m_button1, m_button2, m_button3;//這個控件終將有四個button Gtk::Button* m_pbutton4;};#endif //GTKMM_EXAMPLE_PACKBOX_H"packbox.h"的內容實現"packbox.cpp"
#include "packbox.h"PackBox::PackBox(bool homogeneous, int spacing, Gtk::PackOptions options, int padding): Gtk::Box(Gtk::ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, spacing),//這個自訂義函數繼承自Gtk::box初始化建構 m_button1("box.pack_start("), m_button2("button,"), m_button3((options == Gtk::PACK_SHRINK) ? "Gtk::PACK_SHRINK" : ((options == Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_PADDING) ? "Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_PADDING" : "Gtk::PACK_EXPAND_WIDGET")){ set_homogeneous(homogeneous); pack_start(m_button1, options, padding);//開始打包自己的子控件 pack_start(m_button2, options, padding); pack_start(m_button3, options, padding); m_pbutton4 = new Gtk::Button(Glib::ustring::format(padding) + ");");//動態創建控件 pack_start(*m_pbutton4, options, padding);//打包剛創建的控件}PackBox::~PackBox(){ delete m_pbutton4;}main.cpp
#include "examplewindow.h"//將剛剛的主視窗引入#include <gtkmm/application.h>//引入自訂義控件#include <iostream>#include <cstdlib>#define GTK_APPLICATION_RECEIVES_COMMAND_LINE_ARGUMENTS 0#if GTK_APPLICATION_RECEIVES_COMMAND_LINE_ARGUMENTSnamespace{int on_command_line(const Glib::RefPtr<Gio::ApplicationCommandLine>& command_line, Glib::RefPtr<Gtk::Application>& app){ int argc = 0; char** argv = command_line->get_arguments(argc); for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) std::cout << "argv[" << i << "] = " << argv[i] << std::endl; app->activate(); // Without activate() the window won't be shown. return EXIT_SUCCESS;}} // anonymous namespace#endif//假如不傳入參數,報錯int main(int argc, char *argv[]){ if (argc != 2) { std::cerr << "Usage: example <num>, where <num> is 1, 2, or 3." << std::endl; return EXIT_FAILURE; }#if GTK_APPLICATION_RECEIVES_COMMAND_LINE_ARGUMENTS // The command line arguments must be checked before Gtk::Application::run() // is called. The Gio::APPLICATION_HANDLES_COMMAND_LINE flag and the // on_command_line() signal handler are not necessary. This program is simpler // without them, and with argc = 1 in the call to Gtk::Application::create(). // They are included to show a program with Gio::APPLICATION_HANDLES_COMMAND_LINE. // Gio::APPLICATION_NON_UNIQUE makes it possible to run several instances of // this application simultaneously. auto app = Gtk::Application::create(argc, argv, "org.gtkmm.example", Gio::APPLICATION_HANDLES_COMMAND_LINE | Gio::APPLICATION_NON_UNIQUE); // Note after = false. // Only one signal handler is invoked. This signal handler must run before // the default signal handler, or else it won't run at all. app->signal_command_line().connect(sigc::bind(sigc::ptr_fun(&on_command_line), app), false);#else // Gio::APPLICATION_NON_UNIQUE makes it possible to run several instances of // this application simultaneously. int argc1 = 1; // Don't give the command line arguments to Gtk::Application. auto app = Gtk::Application::create(argc1, argv, "org.gtkmm.example", Gio::APPLICATION_NON_UNIQUE);#endif ExampleWindow window(std::atoi(argv[1])); return app->run(window); //Shows the window and returns when it is closed.}
Mingw使用的Makefile
CC=g++CFLAGS=$(shell pkg-config --cflags --libs gtkmm-3.0)out.exe:main.cpp examplewindow.h examplewindow.cpp packbox.h packbox.cpp$(CC) $^ -o $@ $(CFLAGS) -O3 -Wall
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