机器学习入门——线性代数简单回顾

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本节课程回顾了一些简单但常用的线性代数知识

很基础的,我会直接跳过,并对矩阵的一些运算进行编程实现。

3.1 矩阵的加法和标量乘法

矩阵加法:要求行列数要相等,然后,每个元素对应相加。

exp:

matrix addition


矩阵的标量乘法:每个元素都要乘
exp:

saclar multiplication


3.2 矩阵的向量乘法

矩阵的向量乘法,就是矩阵和向量相乘。要求:矩阵的列数要与向量的行数相等!

exp:

mat vect mul

如上例所示,2×3的矩阵乘以3×1的向量,得到2×1的向量。


3.3 矩阵的乘法

矩阵乘法:实际就是乘加运算,对应行和对应列的对应元素相乘后相加(如下图所示)。注意:矩阵乘法中,前一个矩阵的列数要与后一个矩阵的行数相等。

矩阵乘法运算过程:

matrix mul1



exp:



3.4 矩阵的转置和逆

矩阵的转置 定义矩阵A的转置:有这样一个矩阵B,满足B=a(j,i),即b(j,i)=a(i,j)(B的第i行第j个元素是A的第j行第i个元素),记作转置

exp:




矩阵的逆 如矩阵A是一个m×m矩阵(即方阵),如果有逆矩阵,则:



矩阵可逆的条件

矩阵A可逆,则A为方阵,且A的行列式值不为0。反过来同样成立!
方阵A的行列式如果为0,则为奇异方阵(singular)。

exp:

incerse1

显然,矩阵A与矩阵B相乘,结果为I(单位阵)。所以,A是B的逆阵,B也是A的逆阵。


3.5 编程实现矩阵基本运算

程序是使用Python2.7编写,基于tensorflow框架。

#!/usr/bin/env python2# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-"""Created on Tue Jan 17 12:24:29 2017@author: louishao"""import tensorflow as tf#Matrix additionmata = tf.constant([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]])matb = tf.constant([[5,3],[2,4],[6,7]])matadd = tf.add(mata,matb)#Scalar multiplicationcons = tf.constant(3)mat1 = tf.constant([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]])scalmul = tf.mul(cons,mat1)#Matrix vector multiplicationmat = tf.constant([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])vec = tf.constant([[1],[2],[3]])matvecmul = tf.matmul(mat,vec)#Matrix multiplicationm1 = tf.constant([[1,2],[2,3],[3,4]])m2 = tf.constant([[2,1],[3,5]])matmul = tf.matmul(m1,m2)#Matrix transposemattt = tf.constant([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]])mattrans = tf.transpose(mattt)#Matrix inversematt = tf.constant([[3.0,2.0,0.0],[2.0,1.0,2.0],[2.0,1.0,1.0]],'float32')matinver = tf.matrix_inverse(matt)with tf.Session() as sess:    print "Matrix addition"    print "the addition is \n%s"%(sess.run(matadd))    print "---------------------------"    print "Scalar multiplication"    print "the scalar multiplication is \n%s"%(sess.run(scalmul))    print "--------------------------"    print "Matrix vector multiplication"    print "the matrix vector multiplication is\n%s"%(sess.run(matvecmul))    print "--------------------------"    print "Matrix multiplication"    print "the matrix multiplication is\n %s"%(sess.run(matmul))    print "--------------------------"    print "Matrix transpose"    print "transpose is\n %s"%(sess.run(mattrans))    print "-------------------------"    print "Inverse matrix"    print "matrix inverse is \n%s"%(sess.run(matinver))

运行结果:

Matrix additionthe addition is [[ 6  5] [ 5  8] [11 13]]---------------------------Scalar multiplicationthe scalar multiplication is [[ 3  6] [ 9 12] [15 18]]--------------------------Matrix vector multiplicationthe matrix vector multiplication is[[14] [32]]--------------------------Matrix multiplicationthe matrix multiplication is [[ 8 11] [13 17] [18 23]]--------------------------Matrix transposetranspose is [[1 3 5] [2 4 6]]-------------------------Inverse matrixmatrix inverse is [[-0.99999994 -1.99999988  3.99999976] [ 1.99999988  2.99999976 -5.99999952] [-0.          1.         -1.        ]]

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