HTTPClient系统学习

来源:互联网 发布:手机模拟吉他软件 编辑:程序博客网 时间:2024/05/20 21:21

HTTP协议时Internet上使用的很多也很重要的一个协议,越来越多的java应用程序需要通过HTTP协议来访问网络资源。
HTTPClient提供的主要功能:

1、实现了所有HTTP的方法(GET、POST、等PUT、HEAD);
2、支持自动转向;
3、支持HTTPS协议;
4、支持代理服务器等。

使用HttpClient需要以下6个步骤:

  1. 创建HttpClient的实例
  2. 创建某种连接方法的实例,GetMethod/PostMethod。在 GetMethod/PostMethod的构造函数中传入待连接的地址
  3. 调用第一步中创建好的实例的 execute 方法来执行第二步中创建好的 method 实例
  4. 读response
  5. 释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功,都必须释放连接
  6. 对得到后的内容进行处理

HTTP GET方法应用:
应用一:

String url = "";//构造HttpClient实例HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient();//创建Get方法实例GetMethod getMethod = new GetMethod(url);//使用系统提供的默认的恢复策略getMethod.getParams().setParameter(HttpMethodParams.RETRY_HANDLER,        new DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler( ));try{    int statusCode = httpClient.executeMethod(getMethod);    if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {        //方法一:        byte[] respByte = getMethod.getResponseBody();        logger.info("返回信息:" + new String(respByte));        //方法二:        String respStr = getMethod.getResponseBodyAsString();        logger.info("返回信息:" + respStr);    }    logger.error("Method failed: "+ getMethod.getStatusLine());}catch(HttpException e){    logger.error("发生致命的异常,可能是协议不对或者返回的内容有问题",e);}catch(IOException e){    logger.error("网络异常",e);}finally{    //释放连接    getMethod.releaseConnection();}

应用二:

public String getRequest(String url, String requestStr) {    logger.debug("the getRest'params : url = " + "http://" + url + "?" + requestStr);       String respStr = null;    try {             // 定义HttpClient             DefaultHttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();             // 实例化HTTP方法             HttpGet request = new HttpGet();            url =  url + "?" + requestStr;            url = URLEncoder.encode(url, "UTF-8");            request.setURI(new URI("http://" + url));             HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);             logger.debug("response status : " + response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());            /**请求发送成功,并得到响应**/            if (response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {                /**读取服务器返回过来的数据**/                respStr = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity());            } else {                logger.error("get request fail:" + url);            }    }catch(Exception e){             logger.error("get request fail:" + url, e);         }    return respStr;}

HTTP POST方法应用:
POST方法用来向目的服务器发出请求,要求它接受被附在请求后的实体,并把它当作请求队列(Request-Line)中请求URI所指定资源的附加新子项。
应用一:

String url = "";String requestStr = "";//创建HttpClient实例HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient();//创建Post方法实例PostMethod postMethod = new PostMethod(url);//******方法一:创建请求实体,发送请求start*************byte[] b = requestStr.getBytes();InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(b, 0, b.length);RequestEntity re = new InputStreamRequestEntity(is, b.length, "text/xml; charset=UTF-8");//GBK//设置请求头postMethod.addRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=utf-8");//设置请求体postMethod.setRequestEntity(re);//******创建请求实体,发送请求end*************//******方法二:创建请求体,发送请求start*************// 构造名称值对节点类对象NameValuePair[] data = {        new NameValuePair("id", "yourUserName"),        new NameValuePair("passwd", "yourPwd") };// 设置请求体postMethod.setRequestBody(data);//******创建请求体,发送请求end*************try {    int statusCode=httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod);    if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {        //方法一:        String responseStr = postMethod.getResponseBodyAsString();        logger.info("返回信息:" + responseStr);        //方法二:        byte[] responseByte = postMethod.getResponseBody();        logger.info("返回信息:" + new String(responseByte));    }    logger.error("Method failed: "+ postMethod.getStatusLine());} catch(HTTPException e){    logger.error("发生致命的异常,可能是协议不对或者返回的内容有问题",e);}catch (IOException e) {    logger.error("网络异常",e);}finally{    //释放连接    postMethod.releaseConnection();}

注意:(自动转向问题的代码实现)

// HttpClient对于要求接受后继服务的请求,象POST和PUT等不能自动处理转发// 301(永久移走)或者302(暂时转向)if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY) {// 从头中取出转向的地址Header locationHeader = (Header) postMethod.getResponseHeader("location");if (locationHeader != null) {    String location = locationHeader.getValue();    logger.info("The page was redirected to:" + location);} else {    logger.info("Location field value is null.");}

应用二:

public static JSONObject httpPost(String url,JSONObject jsonParam, boolean noNeedResponse){        //post请求返回结果        DefaultHttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();        JSONObject jsonResult = null;        HttpPost method = new HttpPost(url);        try {            if (null != jsonParam) {                //解决中文乱码问题                StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(jsonParam.toString(), "utf-8");                entity.setContentEncoding("UTF-8");                entity.setContentType("application/json");                method.setEntity(entity);            }            HttpResponse result = httpClient.execute(method);            url = URLDecoder.decode(url, "UTF-8");            /**请求发送成功,并得到响应**/            if (result.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == 200) {                String str = "";                try {                    /**读取服务器返回过来的json字符串数据**/                    str = EntityUtils.toString(result.getEntity());                    if (noNeedResponse) {                        return null;                    }                    /**把json字符串转换成json对象**/                    jsonResult = JSONObject.fromObject(str);                } catch (Exception e) {                    logger.error("post请求提交失败:" + url, e);                }            }        } catch (IOException e) {            logger.error("post请求提交失败:" + url, e);        }        return jsonResult;}

使用HttpClient调用webservice服务:

import java.nio.charset.Charset;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;import org.apache.log4j.Logger;/** * 使用HttpClient调用webservice服务 * @author lmb * @date 2017-4-18 */public class HttpClientCallSoapUtil {      private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(HttpClientCallSoapUtil.class);      static int socketTimeout = 60000;      static int connectTimeout = 60000;      public static void main(String[] args) {             String soapXml = "<?xml version = \"1.0\" ?>"                       + "<soapenv:Envelope xmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" xmlns:xsd=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\" xmlns:soapenv=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/\" xmlns:web=\"http://webservices.b.com\">"                       + "   <soapenv:Header/>"                       + "   <soapenv:Body>"                       + "      <web:query soapenv:encodingStyle=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/\">"                       + "         <in0 xsi:type=\"web:QueryRequest\">"                       + "            <endTime xsi:type=\"xsd:dateTime\">?</endTime>"                       + "            <mobile xsi:type=\"soapenc:string\" xmlns:soapenc=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/\">?</mobile>"                       + "            <startTime xsi:type=\"xsd:dateTime\">?</startTime>"                       + "         </in0>" + "      </web:query>"                       + "   </soapenv:Body>" + "</soapenv:Envelope>";               String postUrl = "http://localhost:8381/services/WebService";               doPostSoap(postUrl, soapXml, "");       }      /**       * HttpClient发送soap请求       * @param postUrl 请求webservice地址       * @param soapXml 请求报文       * @param soapAction       * @return       */    public static String doPostSoap(String postUrl, String soapXml, String soapAction) {         String retStr = "";         // 创建HttpClientBuilder         HttpClientBuilder httpClientBuilder = HttpClientBuilder.create();         // HttpClient         CloseableHttpClient closeableHttpClient = httpClientBuilder.build();         HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(postUrl);                 //  设置请求和传输超时时间         RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()                 .setSocketTimeout(socketTimeout)                 .setConnectTimeout(connectTimeout).build();         httpPost.setConfig(requestConfig);         try {             httpPost.setHeader("Content-Type", "text/xml;charset=UTF-8");             httpPost.setHeader("SOAPAction", soapAction);             StringEntity data = new StringEntity(soapXml,                     Charset.forName("UTF-8"));             httpPost.setEntity(data);             CloseableHttpResponse response = closeableHttpClient                     .execute(httpPost);             HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();             if (httpEntity != null) {                 // 打印响应内容                 retStr = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity, "UTF-8");                 logger.info("response:" + retStr);             }             // 释放资源             closeableHttpClient.close();         } catch (Exception e) {             logger.error("exception in doPostSoap1_1", e);         }         return retStr;     } }

HttpClient常用方法总结:

import java.io.File;import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.security.KeyStore;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.List;import org.apache.http.Header;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;import org.apache.http.client.CookieStore;import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;import org.apache.http.conn.scheme.Scheme;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;import org.apache.http.cookie.Cookie;import org.apache.http.entity.InputStreamEntity;import org.apache.http.impl.client.BasicCookieStore;import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;import org.apache.http.protocol.BasicHttpContext;import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;/** * HttpClient常用方法总结 * @param args * @author lmb * @date 2017-4-18 */public class HttpClientUtil {      //总结一:**********当httpClient的示例不在需要时,可以使用连接管理器关闭**********      httpClient.getConnectionManager().shutdown();      //总结二:**********针对HTTPs的协议的HttpClient请求必须用户和密码  **********       httpclient.getCredentialsProvider()                   .setCredentials(new AuthScope("localhost", 443),                        new UsernamePasswordCredentials("username", "password"));       //总结三:**********如果不想获取HTTPClient返回的信息**********         httpclient.abort();          //总结四:**********httpclient传送文件的方式**********         HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();         HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://www.apache.org");         File file = new File("");         InputStreamEntity reqEntity = new InputStreamEntity(                 new FileInputStream(file), -1);         reqEntity.setContentType("binary/octet-stream");         reqEntity.setChunked(true);         // It may be more appropriate to use FileEntity class in this particular         // instance but we are using a more generic InputStreamEntity to demonstrate        // the capability to stream out data from any arbitrary source        //          // FileEntity entity = new FileEntity(file, "binary/octet-stream");         httppost.setEntity(reqEntity);         System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getRequestLine());         HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);       //总结五:**********获取Cookie的信息**********        HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();         // 创建一个本地Cookie存储的实例         CookieStore cookieStore = new BasicCookieStore();         //创建一个本地上下文信息         HttpContext localContext = new BasicHttpContext();         //在本地上下问中绑定一个本地存储         localContext.setAttribute(ClientContext.COOKIE_STORE, cookieStore);         //设置请求的路径         HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://www.google.com/");          //传递本地的http上下文给服务器         HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget, localContext);         //获取本地信息         HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();         System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());         if (entity != null) {             System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());         }         //获取cookie中的各种信息         List<Cookie> cookies = cookieStore.getCookies();         for (int i = 0; i < cookies.size(); i++) {             System.out.println("Local cookie: " + cookies.get(i));         }         //获取消息头的信息         Header[] headers = response.getAllHeaders();         for (int i = 0; i<headers.length; i++) {             System.out.println(headers[i]);         }        //总结六:**********针对典型的SSL请求的处理**********        DefaultHttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();        //获取默认的存储密钥类        KeyStore trustStore  = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());         //加载本地的密钥信息               FileInputStream instream = new FileInputStream(new File("my.keystore"));         try {            trustStore.load(instream, "nopassword".toCharArray());        } finally {            instream.close();        }        //创建SSLSocketFactory,创建相关的Socket        SSLSocketFactory socketFactory = new SSLSocketFactory(trustStore);        //设置协议的类型和密钥信息,以及断开信息        Scheme sch = new Scheme("https", socketFactory, 443);        //在连接管理器中注册中信息        httpclient.getConnectionManager().getSchemeRegistry().register(sch);       //总结七:**********设置请求的参数的几种方式**********         //A.在请求的路径中以查询字符串格式传递参数         //B.在请求的实体中添加参数         List <NameValuePair> nvps = new ArrayList <NameValuePair>();         nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("IDToken1", "username"));         nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("IDToken2", "password"));         httpost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nvps, HTTP.UTF_8));}

以下内容来自百度百科:
下面介绍在使用HttpClient过程中常见的一些问题。

1、字符编码
某目标页的编码可能出现在两个地方,第一个地方是服务器返回的http头中,另外一个地方是得到的html/xml页面中。

在http头的Content-Type字段可能会包含字符编码信息。例如可能返回的头会包含这样子的信息:Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8。这个头信息表明该页的编码是UTF-8,但是服务器返回的头信息未必与内容能匹配上。比如对于一些双字节语言国家,可能服务器返回的编码类型是UTF-8,但真正的内容却不是UTF-8编码的,因此需要在另外的地方去得到页面的编码信息;但是如果服务器返回的编码不是UTF-8,而是具体的一些编码,比如gb2312等,那服务器返回的可能是正确的编码信息。通过method对象的getResponseCharSet()方法就可以得到http头中的编码信息。

对于象xml或者html这样的文件,允许作者在页面中直接指定编码类型。比如在html中会有<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312"/>这样的标签;或者在xml中会有<?xml version="1.0" encoding="gb2312"?>这样的标签,在这些情况下,可能与http头中返回的编码信息冲突,需要用户自己判断到底那种编码类型应该是真正的编码。

2、自动转向
根据RFC2616中对自动转向的定义,主要有两种:301和302。301表示永久的移走(Moved Permanently),当返回的是301,则表示请求的资源已经被移到一个固定的新地方,任何向该地址发起请求都会被转到新的地址上。302表示暂时的转向,比如在服务器端的servlet程序调用了sendRedirect方法,则在客户端就会得到一个302的代码,这时服务器返回的头信息中location的值就是sendRedirect转向的目标地址。

HttpClient支持自动转向处理,但是象POST和PUT方式这种要求接受后继服务的请求方式,暂时不支持自动转向,因此如果碰到POST方式提交后返回的是301或者302的话需要自己处理。就像刚才在POSTMethod中举的例子:如果想进入登录BBS后的页面,必须重新发起登录的请求,请求的地址可以在头字段location中得到。不过需要注意的是,有时候location返回的可能是相对路径,因此需要对location返回的值做一些处理才可以发起向新地址的请求。

另外除了在头中包含的信息可能使页面发生重定向外,在页面中也有可能会发生页面的重定向。引起页面自动转发的标签是:<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5; url=....">。如果你想在程序中也处理这种情况的话得自己分析页面来实现转向。需要注意的是,在上面那个标签中url的值也可以是一个相对地址,如果是这样的话,需要对它做一些处理后才可以转发。

HTTPClient详细教程参看:HTTPClient教程

0 0