Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or So

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[Basic Repository] commands are needed by people who have arepository --- that is everybody, because every working tree ofgit is a repository.

In addition, [Individual Developer (Standalone)] commands areessential for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody whoworks alone.

If you work with other people, you will need commands listed inthe [Individual Developer (Participant)] section as well.

People who play the [Integrator] role need to learn some morecommands in addition to the above.

[Repository Administration] commands are for systemadministrators who are responsible for the care and feedingof git repositories.

Basic Repository

Everybody uses these commands to maintain git repositories.

git-init(1) or git-clone(1) to create a new repository.
git-fsck(1) to check the repository for errors.
git-gc(1) to do common housekeeping tasks such as repack and prune.

Examples

Check health and remove cruft.

$ git fsck (1)
$ git count-objects (2)
$ git gc (3)

running without --full is usually cheap and assures therepository health reasonably well.
check how many loose objects there are and how muchdisk space is wasted by not repacking.
repacks the local repository and performs other housekeeping tasks.

Repack a small project into single pack.

$ git gc (1)

pack all the objects reachable from the refs into one pack,then remove the other packs.

Individual Developer (Standalone)

A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches withother people, and works alone in a single repository, using thefollowing commands.

git-show-branch(1) to see where you are.
git-log(1) to see what happened.
git-checkout(1) and git-branch(1) to switch branches.
git-add(1) to manage the index file.
git-diff(1) and git-status(1) to see what you are in the middle of doing.
git-commit(1) to advance the current branch.
git-reset(1) and git-checkout(1) (with pathname parameters) to undo changes.
git-merge(1) to merge between local branches.
git-rebase(1) to maintain topic branches.
git-tag(1) to mark known point.

Examples

Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository.

$ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz
$ cd frotz
$ git init
$ git add . (1)
$ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree."
$ git tag v2.43 (2)

add everything under the current directory.
make a lightweight, unannotated tag.

Create a topic branch and develop.

$ git checkout -b alsa-audio (1)
$ edit/compile/test
$ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c (2)
$ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c (3)
$ edit/compile/test
$ git diff HEAD (4)
$ git commit -a -s (5)
$ edit/compile/test
$ git reset --soft HEAD^ (6)
$ edit/compile/test
$ git diff ORIG_HEAD (7)
$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD (8)
$ git checkout master (9)
$ git merge alsa-audio (10)
$ git log --since='3 days ago' (11)
$ git log v2.43.. curses/ (12)

create a new topic branch.
revert your botched changes in curses/ux_audio_oss.c.
you need to tell git if you added a new file; removal andmodification will be caught if you do git commit -a later.
to see what changes you are committing.
commit everything as you have tested, with your sign-off.
take the last commit back, keeping what is in the working tree.
look at the changes since the premature commit we took back.
redo the commit undone in the previous step, using the messageyou originally wrote.
switch to the master branch.
merge a topic branch into your master branch.
review commit logs; other forms to limit output can becombined and include --max-count=10 (show 10 commits),--until=2005-12-10, etc.
view only the changes that touch what's in curses/directory, since v2.43 tag.

Individual Developer (Participant)

A developer working as a participant in a group project needs tolearn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands inaddition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.

git-clone(1) from the upstream to prime your local repository.
git-pull(1) and git-fetch(1) from "origin" to keep up-to-date with the upstream.
git-push(1) to shared repository, if you adopt CVS style shared repository workflow.
git-format-patch(1) to prepare e-mail submission, if you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.

Examples

Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream.

$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6
$ cd my2.6
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s (1)
$ git format-patch origin (2)
$ git pull (3)
$ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 (4)
$ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL (5)
$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD (6)
$ git gc (7)
$ git fetch --tags (8)

repeat as needed.
extract patches from your branch for e-mail submission.
git pull fetches from origin by default and merges into thecurrent branch.
immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstreamsince last time we checked, only in thearea we are interested in.
fetch from a specific branch from a specific repository and merge.
revert the pull.
garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.
from time to time, obtain official tags from the originand store them under .git/refs/tags/.

Push into another repository.

satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz frotz (1)
satellite$ cd frotz
satellite$ git config --get-regexp '^(remote|branch)/.' (2)
remote.origin.url mothership:frotz
remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote origin
branch.master.merge refs/heads/master
satellite$ git config remote.origin.push /
           master:refs/remotes/satellite/master (3)
satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit
satellite$ git push origin (4)

mothership$ cd frotz
mothership$ git checkout master
mothership$ git merge satellite/master (5)

mothership machine has a frotz repository under your homedirectory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellitemachine.
clone sets these configuration variables by default.It arranges git pull to fetch and store the branches of mothershipmachine to local remotes/origin/* tracking branches.
arrange git push to push local master branch toremotes/satellite/master branch of the mothership machine.
push will stash our work away on remotes/satellite/mastertracking branch on the mothership machine. You could use this asa back-up method.
on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellitemachine into the master branch.

Branch off of a specific tag.

$ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 (1)
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a
$ git checkout master
$ git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 |
  git am -3 -k (2)

create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind)tag.
forward port all changes in private2.6.14 branch to master branchwithout a formal "merging".

Integrator

A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a groupproject receives changes made by others, reviews and integratesthem and publishes the result for others to use, using thesecommands in addition to the ones needed by participants.

git-am(1) to apply patches e-mailed in from your contributors.
git-pull(1) to merge from your trusted lieutenants.
git-format-patch(1) to prepare and send suggested alternative to contributors.
git-revert(1) to undo botched commits.
git-push(1) to publish the bleeding edge.

Examples

My typical GIT day.

$ git status (1)
$ git show-branch (2)
$ mailx (3)
& s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply
& s 7 8 ./+hold-linus
& q
$ git checkout -b topic/one master
$ git am -3 -i -s -u ./+to-apply (4)
$ compile/test
$ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s -u ./+hold-linus (5)
$ git checkout topic/one && git rebase master (6)
$ git checkout pu && git reset --hard next (7)
$ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus (8)
$ git checkout maint
$ git cherry-pick master~4 (9)
$ compile/test
$ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x (10)
$ git fetch ko && git show-branch master maint 'tags/ko-*' (11)
$ git push ko (12)
$ git push ko v0.99.9x (13)

see what I was in the middle of doing, if any.
see what topic branches I have and think about how readythey are.
read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save othersthat are not quite ready.
apply them, interactively, with my sign-offs.
create topic branch as needed and apply, again with mysign-offs.
rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to themaster, nor exposed as a part of a stable branch.
restart pu every time from the next.
and bundle topic branches still cooking.
backport a critical fix.
create a signed tag.
make sure I did not accidentally rewind master beyond what Ialready pushed out. ko shorthand points at the repository I haveat kernel.org, and looks like this:
```
$ cat .git/remotes/ko
URL: kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git
Pull: master:refs/tags/ko-master
Pull: next:refs/tags/ko-next
Pull: maint:refs/tags/ko-maint
Push: master
Push: next
Push: +pu
Push: maint
```
In the output from git show-branch, master should haveeverything ko-master has, and next should haveeverything ko-next has.
push out the bleeding edge.
push the tag out, too.

Repository Administration

A repository administrator uses the following tools to set upand maintain access to the repository by developers.

git-daemon(1) to allow anonymous download from repository.
git-shell(1) can be used as a restricted login shell for shared central repository users.

update hook howto has a goodexample of managing a shared central repository.

Examples

We assume the following in /etc/services

$ grep 9418 /etc/services
git             9418/tcp                # Git Version Control System

Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from inetd.

$ grep git /etc/inetd.conf
git     stream  tcp     nowait  nobody /
  /usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --export-all /pub/scm

The actual configuration line should be on one line.

Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from xinetd.

$ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon
# default: off
# description: The git server offers access to git repositories
service git
{
        disable = no
        type            = UNLISTED
        port            = 9418
        socket_type     = stream
        wait            = no
        user            = nobody
        server          = /usr/bin/git-daemon
        server_args     = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm
        log_on_failure  += USERID
}

Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a Fedora system.Others might be different.

Give push/pull only access to developers.

$ grep git /etc/passwd (1)
alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell
bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell
cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell
david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell
$ grep git /etc/shells (2)
/usr/bin/git-shell

log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does notallow anything but git push and git pull. The users shouldget an ssh access to the machine.
in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is usedas the login shell.

CVS-style shared repository.

$ grep git /etc/group (1)
git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david
$ cd /home/devo.git
$ ls -l (2)
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 david git    17 Dec  4 22:40 HEAD -> refs/heads/master
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 branches
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    84 Dec  4 22:40 config
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    58 Dec  4 22:40 description
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 hooks
  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git 37504 Dec  4 22:40 index
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 info
  drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 objects
  drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Nov  7 14:58 refs
  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 remotes
$ ls -l hooks/update (3)
  -r-xr-xr-x   1 david git  3536 Dec  4 22:40 update
$ cat info/allowed-users (4)
refs/heads/master       alice/|cindy
refs/heads/doc-update   bob
refs/tags/v[0-9]*       david

place the developers into the same git group.
and make the shared repository writable by the group.
use update-hook example by Carl from Documentation/howto/for branch policy control.
alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can push into doc-update.david is the release manager and is the only person who cancreate and push version tags.

HTTP server to support dumb protocol transfer.

dev$ git update-server-info (1)
dev$ ftp user@isp.example.com (2)
ftp> cp -r .git /home/user/myproject.git

make sure your info/refs and objects/info/packs are up-to-date
upload to public HTTP server hosted by your ISP.