随机访问数组中第i大的元素

在快排的基础上进行算法实现，只是每次分区之后只选择第i大的元素所在的区域进行查找。平均算法复杂度为O(n)，最差算法复杂度为O(n^2)，如同快排一样，出现最差情况的概率极低。

#ifndef RANDOMSELECT_H#define RANDOMSELECT_H#include <iostream>/** * @brief Exception class which means that i is larger than the number of elements in the array */class OutOfRange{public: OutOfRange(){} OutOfRange(std::string mes); OutOfRange(OutOfRange &a); ~OutOfRange(){} std::string Message() const;private: std::string message;};OutOfRange::OutOfRange(std::string mes): message(mes){}OutOfRange::OutOfRange(OutOfRange &a){ message = a.Message();}std::string OutOfRange::Message() const{ return message;}/** * @brief Partition the array * * @tparam T: template type * @param array: the array to be partitioned * @param start: the start position of the array * @param end: the index of the last element in the array * * @return The partition position */template <typename T>int Partition(T *array, int start, int end){ T x = array[end]; int i = start; int j = end - 1; //i is to find the element who is larger than array[end] //j is to find the element who is smaller than array[end] while (i <= j) { if (array[i] <= x) { ++i; } else { while (i <= j) { if (array[j] > x) { --j; } else { //swap element at i and j T temp = array[i]; array[i++] = array[j]; array[j--] = temp; break; } } } } //i will be the first element who is larger than array[end] after arrange the array //if there is no element larger than array[end], i will point to array[end] T temp = array[i]; array[i] = x; array[end] = temp; return i;}/** * @brief Get the i'th element in the array. The badest complexity is O(n^2), the average complexity is O(n). * * @tparam V: template type * @param array: the array to be searched * @param start: the start position of the array * @param end: the index of the last element in the array * @param i: find the i'th element * * @return the i'th element */template <typename V>V RandomSelect(V *array, int start, int end, int i){ if (i + start > end + 1) { OutOfRange a("ERROE: i is larger than the number of elements in the array!"); throw a; } if (start == end) { return array[start]; } int p = Partition(array, start, end); //k means the order of p in the array int k = p + 1 - start; if (i == k) { return array[p]; } if (i < k) { return RandomSelect(array, start, p - 1, i); } else { return RandomSelect(array, p + 1, end, i - k); }}#endif /* end of include guard: RANDOMSELECT_H */