English——限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句（二）

限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明（注：通常和主句间用逗号隔开，不受主句句子结构的影响，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立）

语法

　　1. that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句

　　2. 有时as也可用作关系代词

　　3. 在非限制性定语从句中，用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物。

　　4.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词（my he she  their his her minetheirs等）和指示代词（　指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these/ those）两种形式）所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。 

　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。　

　　5.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，

　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸气，这就叫做蒸发。

　　非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容，或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as，which，who， whom，whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when，where等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。

　　一、as引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代主句的全部或部分内容。常表说话人关于说话的依据、态度、评论、看法等。有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置主句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect，know，report，say，see等动词的主、被动语态句。

　　1．Mike，as weexpected，attended the meeting．像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。

　　2．He wasn't unconscious，as could be judged from his eyes．他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。

　　二、which引导非限制性定语从句的情况很多。

I．指代主句的全部或部分内容时，常表事实、状态、起因等，有“这就使得、这一点”等意思，常置主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号分开。 

　　Her house, which was built a hundred years ago, stood still in theearthquake.(那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。)

II．指代先行词有多种情况。定语从句置先行词后面。

　　1．在“n．／pron．／num．．．．＋prep．＋which”，“prep．＋which”定语从句里。

　　1）They talked about a movie，the name of which I've never forgotten．他们谈论过一部电影，我决不会忘记片名。

　　2）In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 goldmedals，16．5 of which were wonby women．在悉尼奥运会，中国队夺得了28枚金牌，其中16．5枚是女子夺得的。 

　　2．表唯一性，或者就是指代先行词的事物时。

　　The dam，which is the biggest in the world，is 3，830 metres long．大坝长3，830米，是世界上最大的坝。

　　3．先行词是独一无二的事物时。

　　The moon，which doesn't give out light itself，is only a satellite of the earth．月球本身不发光，它只是地球的一个卫星。

　　4．先行词表示类属的事物时。

　　Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world．足球是一项非常有趣的运动，全世界都踢足球。

　　5．先行词是专有名词时。

　　1）Three of the biggest man-made projects inthe world are the Great Wall of China，thePyramids of Egypt and the Aswan High Dam， which is alsoin Egypt．世界上最大的三项人造工程是中国的长城，埃及的金字塔和阿斯旺高坝，它也在埃及。

　　2）The Nile，whichused to flood every year，now runs more regularly belowthe dam．尼罗河年年涨洪水，现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了。

　　6．先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词，作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思。

　　Mike's brother is a policeman，which he isn't．迈克的哥哥是警察，他可不是。

　　7．先行词是形容词作定语从句的表语时。主句和定语从句含有对比的意思。

　　Li Ling is very clever，which Li Long isn't．李玲很聪明，李珑可不是。

　　8．先行词是集体名词表整体意思时。

　　My family，which has 35 people，is a large one．我家有35口人，是一个大家庭。

　　9．先行词是国家名词表地域概念时。

　　Last year he went to Egypt，which is inAfrica．他去年去了埃及，埃及在非洲。

　　三、as，which是指代主句内容的非限制性定语从句时，表依据、评论与表事实、状态等没有多大差别，又在主句末时，有时可以通用。

　　1．He is quite pleased，as ／which can be seen from his face．他非常高兴，从他的表情可以看出来。

　　2．You always work hard，as ／which everyone knows．大家都知道，你一向勤奋学习。

　　但是，上面两句把定语从句置主句句首时，就只能用as。

　　3．This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see．像任何人都能看见那样，这头象像条蛇。

　　4．Bamboo is hollow，which makes it very light．竹子是空的，这就使得它很轻。 

       在否定意义的非限制性定语从句里，一般用which引导。

　　5．He came to my birthday party，which I didn't expect at all．我完全没有想到，他来参加我的生日聚会了。

　　四、who，whom，whose等引导非限制性定语从句时，指代人的普通名词、专有名词等。表示正是或专指先行词等情况。在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。

　　1．Bob's father，who worked on the project，spent four years in Egypt．鲍勃的父亲从事这项工程，在埃及度过了四年。

　　2．Dad，this is ZhengJie，who I knew in Paris．爸，这是郑杰，我在巴黎认识的。 这一句是用主格who代替宾格 whom。

　　3．His mother，whom he loved dearly， died in 1818．他非常爱戴他的母亲，她死于 1818年。

　　4．Mr King，whose legs were badly hurt， was quickly taken to hospital．金先生的腿受了重伤，他很快就被送去住院了。

       the ＋n．of whom/whose;  prep.+whose;   prep.+whom等引导非限制性的定语从句。

　　5．He spoke of a pen-pal，the name of whom ／whose name I've neverforgotten．他提到过一个笔友，他的名字我从未忘记。

　　6．About  2，000 people，many of whom were Europeans，worked on theproject．大约两千人从事过这项工程，其中很多是欧洲人。

　　7．In his office there are nine clerks，the youngest of whom is Mr Liu．他办公室有9个职员，其中最年轻的是刘先生。

　　8．I decided to write about Chaplin，one of whose films I had seen several years before．我决定写有关卓别林的文章，他的一部电影我几年前就看过了。

　　9．We went to hear this famous singer， about whom we had heard many stories．我们去听这个著名的歌唱家演唱。我们已经听说了有关他的很多故事。

　　10．Mr Pattis，in whose office Ms King was working，was very surprised when he found out her secret．金女士在帕蒂思办公室工作。他发现她的秘密时感到非常惊奇。

　　五、when，where引导非限制性定语从句时，作定语从句的状语。when ＝and then，where ＝and there。why不引导非限制性定语从句。

　　1．He was quickly taken to hospital，where a doctor wanted to examine Mr King's legs．金先生很快被送去住院，在那里一个医生要检查他的腿。

　　2．We will put off the outing until next week，when we won't be so busy．我们把郊游推迟到下个星期，当我们不忙的时候。

　　3．He went to America in 1912，where and when he was noticed by an important film director．他在1912年去了美国，在那里当时的他引起了一个重要电影导演的注意。

　　在prep．where ／when非限制性定语从句里，where ＝there，when ＝then。

　　4．His head soon appeared out of the second storey windows，from where he could see nothing but trees．他的头很快从第二层楼的一个窗户伸出来了，从那里他只能看见树木。

　　5．That was in 1929，since when things have been better．那是在1929年，从那时起情况就已经好转了。

　　6．I went to bed at ten，before when I was reading for an hour．我10点去睡觉，在那时以前我看了1小时的书。

有时候where ／when可以用prep．which替换。

　　7．The southern states wanted to set up acountry of their own，where they would be free to keep black slaves．南方各州要建立一个属于他们自己的国家，在那里他们将自由地保留黑人奴隶。

　　8．I still remembered January 10，on which ／when he came to see me．我仍然记得1月10日，他来看我的那一天。

在限制性定语从句中可省略作宾语的关系代词whom, which, that。

　　That is the naughty boy (whom/that) we talked about last week.

　　他就是我们上周议论的那个淘气男孩。

　　Is this the radio (that/which) you bought last Saturday?

　　这是你上周六买的收音机吗?

     在direction(方向), way(方式), distance(距离), time(时间), times(倍数)等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that, which, in which。

　　The direction (in which) we move a body can be changed.

　　我们移动物体的方向是可以改变的。

　　The distance (which或that)light travels in one second is 300, 000 kilometers. 光每秒走的距离是30万公里。

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

　　限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有四大区别

一、在句中作用不同

　　限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。

　　非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。

二、外在表现形式不同

　　限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切，所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

　　例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English？

　　你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？

　　例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.

　　钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。

　　例 3. This is the place where he used to live.

　　这就是他过去居住的地方。

　　例 4. Mr. Zhang， who came to see me yesterday， is an old friend of mine.

　　张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。

　　例 5. We walked down the village street， wherethey were having market day.

　　我们沿着村里的大街向前走去，村民们正在那里赶集。

　　析：在前三个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系密切，为限制性定语从句，不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中，定语从句与先行词关系不密切，为非限制性定语从句，可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

三、先行词内容有所不同

　　大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。

　　例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband，which frightened me very much.

　　一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫，这令我十分恐惧。

　　析：由语境可知，令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导定语从句。

　　例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages， which surprises all the people present.

　　一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。

　　析：由语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。

四、关系词的使用情况有所不同

　　（一） that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句

　　所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that 不可。

　　例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物，这使她非常高兴。

　　误： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， that pleased her a lot.

　　正： He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday， which pleased her a lot.

　　值得注意的是，不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句，这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时，如果先行词指人，则用 who ， which 或 whose引导非限制性定语从句；先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用 when ， where 引导非限制性定语从句。

　　例 1. We'll graduate in July， when we will befree.

　　我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。

　　例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing， wherea conference was to be held.

　　他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。

　　（二）关系代词替代情况不同

　　关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ，但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。

　　例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.

　　这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。

　　析：先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用 who 代替 whom .

　　例 2. A young man had a new girl friend， whomhe wanted to impress.

　　一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。

　　析：先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用 who 代替 whom .

　　在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，不可用 that 代替 who/whom .

　　例：她有一个姐姐，她是教师。

　　误： She has a sister， that is a teacher.

　　正： She has a sister， who is teacher.

　　（三）关系代词省略情况不同

　　关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。

　　例 1. This is the book （which/that） he lost yesterday.

　　这就是他昨天丢的那本书。

　　析：先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。

　　例 2. The book， which he lost yesterday， has been found.

　　他昨天丢了这本书，但现在已找到了。

析：先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词which 不可省。

in which, for which, on which, at which的不同用法

这些都是定语从句里面，由which引导的定语从句，介词提前。

in which可以翻译成在……里面

for which可以翻译成为了……目的

on which可以翻译成在……的上面，或具体时间的某一天

at which可以翻译成在……里面或在……上面

这些介词的使用除了意思上的区别，具体是要以which引导的从句而定的。

 

例如：

(1)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

=The school in which he once studiedis very famous.

(2)Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.

=Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(3)I have a dresser in my bedroom, which there are many cosmetics on.

=I have a dresser in my bedroom on whichthere are many cosmetics.

(4)Thedumpling House which he often has dumplings at is very popular.

=The dumpling House is very popular, at which he often has dumplings.

 

当然这只是介词作为基本意思的用法，还有一些固定搭配，得具体情况具体分析。

例如：

The plane may be several hours late, in which case there’s no point in our waiting.

（固定搭配：in the case 在这种情况下)

Thespeaker paused to examine his notes, at which pointa loud crash was heard.

（固定搭配：at the point 届时)

Ten years of hard work changed her greatly, for which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight.（固定搭配：for the reason 由于这个原因）

The film at which I fell asleep was very boring.

（Here "at which" is based on "fell asleep at the film"因为电影无聊而睡觉。 在。。。里面）

The little creature in which scientists are interested is known as ET.

（这里"be interestedin"是词组原因   in which 在哪）

Thisis the book for which he is looking.

（即等于This is the book whichhe is looking for，这主要是因为look for 这一短语）

 

例题：1. I can’t believethat the restaurant, ______ I have eaten such wonderful meal, is going to beclose down.

A.where    B. at which    C. about which

【解答】选B。这个是非限制性定语从句，at which在功能上等于where，但就本题而言只能选at which。因为at which I have eaten suchwonderful meal是一个插入语，where固然可以引导，但是由于前面有了一个逗号，就只能用at which了。“我难以相信我曾经在里面美美地吃过几顿大餐的饭店就要关张了。”非限制性定语从句主要就是先行词+逗号“，”+介词+which或者是先行词+逗号“，”+which，它和限定性定语从句的最显著区别一个是有逗号，一个是非限制定语从句总有which。

 

2.Wind power is an ancient source of energy ______ we may return in near future.

A.on which    B. by which   C. to which  D. from which

【解答】选C。return to其实，应该来说，就是一个固定搭配了，解释为回归到，但是呢，如果要说意思的话，也是说得通的，就是把句子换一换语序你就可以看出来了。“we may return to windpower in near future.”也就是说，看到prep.+which这种形式，就可以直接把它扔到动词后面，然后在进行选择，看缺少哪个介词。

 

3.We have gathered nearly 100,000 quilts, _____up to half have gone to flood-hit areas.

A.with which   B. in which  C. for which   D. of which   

【解答】选D。这里的which指的是，nearly 100,000 quilts（被褥），也就是说，后半句的主语是在这nearly 100,000 quilts里面的up to half。

 

例：I don’t know the reason why/for which he did it.

The reason  why/for which he was fired was not clear.

Thereare many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one.

亚洲有很多国家，中国是最大的一个。

 

附：whose和 of which的区别

 

1. 关系代词whose，引导定语从句时，既可指人，又可指物，在从句中只能作定语；of whom只能指人；of which只能指物，有时whose可以与of whom和of  which互换使用。如：

 

The girl whose hair is golden is from England. 头发金色的那个女孩是英国人。

 

The house whose doors(of which the doors) are green is an office building. 门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。

 

2. “介词+ whose +名词”引导定语从句。如：

 

I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard. 我爱我的祖国，为了她美好的未来我要努力工作。

 

3. 在下列情况下，一般只用of whom和of which。

 

(1) 定语从句的主语是few, little, some, most, many, much等时，一般只用of whom和of which。

 

In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don’t know. 房间里有很多人，很多人我不认识。

 

He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. 他有很多故事书，有几本故事书我还从未看过。

 

(2) 定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：

 

The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. 那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。

 

(3) 定语从句的主语是all,none, both, neither, each等不定代词时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：

 

There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. 我们班有五十个学生，所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。

 

He planted two trees last year, both of  which are growing well. 去年他栽了两棵树，这两棵树都长得好。

 

(4) 在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用of whom和of which。如：

 

He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. 它有三兄弟，李雷是他们中最小的一个。

 

There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one. 亚洲有很多国家，中国是最大的一个。

 

(5) 形式不同。如：

Thehouse          windows face south is our reading-room.

A.of which    B. whose   C. which  D. its

【解答】此题正确答案是B，不能选择A。选择ofwhich时应在名词前加上定冠词the，也就是名词前有the就只能用ofwhich。如果名词前没有冠词，就用whose。若上题改为The house         the windows face south is our reading-room，则此题只能选A不能选B了。

 

(6) of which除了可以表示所属关系外，还可以用来表示整体的关系，而whose则不能。例：

He borrowed a book of which the author was a peasant.

In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, of which 12 were won by women.

第一句中的of which就可以用whose来代替，因为这个句子中of是用来表示所属关系的。可改写成：He borrowed a book whose author was a peasant. 而第二句中的of which不能用whose代替，因为这个句子中的of不是表示所属关系，而是表示整体与部分的关系。

 

(7) 引导非限制性定语从句多用whose，而很少用表示所属关系的介词of加上关系代词which。如：

There is a mysterious lake at the foot of the hill, whose depth has never been measured. 山脚下有个神秘的湖，其深度从未被测量过。

如介词of不表示所属关系，而是用来表示整体与部分的关系，此时就经常引导非限制性定语从句了。如：

There are 102 elements found in nature, of which most are metals.

The story about Long March, of which this is one example, are well written.

 

I’d like a car whose front lights are big and round.

I’d like a car, the front lights of which are big and round.

 

The book, the cover of which is broken, is not mine.

The book, whose cover is broken, is not mine.