Netty In Action中文版 - 第十二章：SPDY
来源：互联网 发布：绘制流程图的软件 编辑：程序博客网 时间：2024/05/21 13:58
http://blog.csdn.net/abc_key/article/details/38339203
本章我将不会直接翻译Netty In Action书中的原文，感觉原书中本章讲的很多废话，我翻译起来也吃力。所以，本章内容我会根据其他资料和个人理解来讲述。
12.1 SPDY概念及背景
SPDY 是 Google 开发的基于传输控制协议 (TCP) 的应用层协议 ，开发组正在推动 SPDY 成为正式标准（现为互联网草案）。SPDY 协议旨在通过压缩、多路复用和优先级来缩短网页的加载时间和提高安全性。（SPDY 是 Speedy 的昵音，意思是更快）。
为什么需要SPDY？SPDY 协议只是在性能上对 HTTP 做了很大的优化，其核心思想是尽量减少连接个数，而对于 HTTP 的语义并没有做太大的修改。具体来说是，SPDY 使用了 HTTP 的方法和页眉，但是删除了一些头并重写了 HTTP 中管理连接和数据转移格式的部分，所以基本上是兼容 HTTP 的。
Google 在 SPDY 白皮书里表示要向协议栈下面渗透并替换掉传输层协议（TCP），但是因为这样无论是部署起来还是实现起来暂时相当困难，因此 Google 准备先对应用层协议 HTTP 进行改进，先在 SSL 之上增加一个会话层来实现 SPDY 协议，而 HTTP 的 GET 和 POST 消息格式保持不变，即现有的所有服务端应用均不用做任何修改。因此在目前，SPDY 的目的是为了加强 HTTP，是对 HTTP 一个更好的实现和支持。至于未来 SPDY 得到广泛应用后会不会演一出狸猫换太子，替换掉 HTTP 并彻底颠覆整个 Internet 就是 Google 的事情了。
距离万维网之父蒂姆·伯纳斯-李发明并推动 HTTP 成为如今互联网最流行的协议已经过去十几年了（现用 HTTP 1.1 规范也停滞了 13 年了），随着现在 WEB 技术的飞速发展尤其是 HTML5 的不断演进，包括 WebSockets 协议的出现以及当前网络环境的改变、传输内容的变化，当初的 HTTP 规范已经逐渐无法满足人们的需要了，HTTP 需要进一步发展，因此 HTTPbis 工作组已经被组建并被授权考虑 HTTP 2.0 ，希望能解决掉目前 HTTP 所带来的诸多限制。而 SPDY 正是 Google 在 HTTP 即将从 1.1 跨越到 2.0 之际推出的试图成为下一代互联网通信的协议，长期以来一直被认为是 HTTP 2.0 唯一可行选择。
SPDY相比HTTP有如下优点：
- SPDY多路复用，请求优化；而HTTP单路连接，请求低效
- SPDY支持服务器推送技术；而HTTP只允许由客户端主动发起请求
- SPDY压缩了HTTP头信息，节省了传输数据的带宽流量；而HTTP头冗余，同一个会话会反复送头信息
- SPDY强制使用SSL传输协议，全部请求SSL加密后，信息传输更安全
支持SPDY协议的浏览器：
- Google Chrome 19+和Chromium 19+
- Mozilla Firefox 11+，从13开始默认支持
- Opera 12.10+
- Internet Explorer 11+
12.2 本例子流程图
12.3 Netty中使用SPDY
支持SPDY的ChannelPipeline如下图：
不支持SPDY的ChannelPipeline如下图：
例子代码如下：
package netty.in.action.spdy;import java.util.Arrays;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.List;import org.eclipse.jetty.npn.NextProtoNego.ServerProvider;public class DefaultServerProvider implements ServerProvider {private static final List<String> PROTOCOLS = Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList("spdy/3.1", "http/1.1", "http/1.0", "Unknown"));private String protocol;public String getSelectedProtocol() {return protocol;}@Overridepublic void protocolSelected(String arg0) {this.protocol = arg0;}@Overridepublic List<String> protocols() {return PROTOCOLS;}@Overridepublic void unsupported() {protocol = "http/1.1";}}package netty.in.action.spdy;import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;import io.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;import io.netty.handler.codec.http.DefaultFullHttpResponse;import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpRequest;import io.netty.handler.codec.http.FullHttpResponse;import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpHeaders;import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpResponseStatus;import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpVersion;import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;public class HttpRequestHandler extends SimpleChannelInboundHandler<FullHttpRequest> {@Overrideprotected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, FullHttpRequest request)throws Exception {if (HttpHeaders.is100ContinueExpected(request)) {send100Continue(ctx);}FullHttpResponse response = new DefaultFullHttpResponse(request.getProtocolVersion(), HttpResponseStatus.OK);response.content().writeBytes(getContent().getBytes(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_TYPE,"text/plain; charset=UTF-8");boolean keepAlive = HttpHeaders.isKeepAlive(request);if (keepAlive) {response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONTENT_LENGTH,response.content().readableBytes());response.headers().set(HttpHeaders.Names.CONNECTION,HttpHeaders.Values.KEEP_ALIVE);}ChannelFuture future = ctx.writeAndFlush(response);if (!keepAlive) {future.addListener(ChannelFutureListener.CLOSE);}}private static void send100Continue(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {FullHttpResponse response = new DefaultFullHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,HttpResponseStatus.CONTINUE);ctx.writeAndFlush(response);}protected String getContent() {return "This content is transmitted via HTTP\r\n";}@Overridepublic void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause)throws Exception {cause.printStackTrace();ctx.close();}}package netty.in.action.spdy;public class SpdyRequestHandler extends HttpRequestHandler {@Overrideprotected String getContent() {return "This content is transmitted via SPDY\r\n";}}package netty.in.action.spdy;import io.netty.channel.ChannelInboundHandler;import io.netty.handler.codec.spdy.SpdyOrHttpChooser;import javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine;import org.eclipse.jetty.npn.NextProtoNego;public class DefaultSpdyOrHttpChooser extends SpdyOrHttpChooser {protected DefaultSpdyOrHttpChooser(int maxSpdyContentLength, int maxHttpContentLength) {super(maxSpdyContentLength, maxHttpContentLength);}@Overrideprotected SelectedProtocol getProtocol(SSLEngine engine) {DefaultServerProvider provider = (DefaultServerProvider) NextProtoNego.get(engine);String protocol = provider.getSelectedProtocol();if (protocol == null) {return SelectedProtocol.UNKNOWN;}switch (protocol) {case "spdy/3.1":return SelectedProtocol.SPDY_3_1;case "http/1.0":case "http/1.1":return SelectedProtocol.HTTP_1_1;default:return SelectedProtocol.UNKNOWN;}}@Overrideprotected ChannelInboundHandler createHttpRequestHandlerForHttp() {return new HttpRequestHandler();}@Overrideprotected ChannelInboundHandler createHttpRequestHandlerForSpdy() {return new SpdyRequestHandler();}}package netty.in.action.spdy;import io.netty.channel.Channel;import io.netty.channel.ChannelInitializer;import io.netty.channel.ChannelPipeline;import io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler;import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;import javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine;import org.eclipse.jetty.npn.NextProtoNego;public class SpdyChannelInitializer extends ChannelInitializer<Channel> {private final SSLContext context;public SpdyChannelInitializer(SSLContext context) {this.context = context;}@Overrideprotected void initChannel(Channel ch) throws Exception {ChannelPipeline pipeline = ch.pipeline();SSLEngine engine = context.createSSLEngine();engine.setUseClientMode(false);NextProtoNego.put(engine, new DefaultServerProvider());NextProtoNego.debug = true;pipeline.addLast("sslHandler", new SslHandler(engine));pipeline.addLast("chooser",new DefaultSpdyOrHttpChooser(1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024));}}package netty.in.action.spdy;import io.netty.bootstrap.ServerBootstrap;import io.netty.channel.Channel;import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioServerSocketChannel;import io.netty.example.securechat.SecureChatSslContextFactory;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;public class SpdyServer {private final NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();private final SSLContext context;private Channel channel;public SpdyServer(SSLContext context) {this.context = context;}public ChannelFuture start(InetSocketAddress address) {ServerBootstrap bootstrap = new ServerBootstrap();bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).childHandler(new SpdyChannelInitializer(context));ChannelFuture future = bootstrap.bind(address);future.syncUninterruptibly();channel = future.channel();return future;}public void destroy() {if (channel != null) {channel.close();}group.shutdownGracefully();}public static void main(String[] args) {SSLContext context = SecureChatSslContextFactory.getServerContext();final SpdyServer endpoint = new SpdyServer(context);ChannelFuture future = endpoint.start(new InetSocketAddress(4096));Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread() {@Overridepublic void run() {endpoint.destroy();}});future.channel().closeFuture().syncUninterruptibly();}}使用SSL需要使用到SSLContext，下面代买是获取SSLContext对象：/* * Copyright 2012 The Netty Project * * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License, * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at: * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations * under the License. */package netty.in.action.spdy;import javax.net.ssl.ManagerFactoryParameters;import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactorySpi;import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;import java.security.KeyStore;import java.security.KeyStoreException;import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;/** * Bogus {@link TrustManagerFactorySpi} which accepts any certificate * even if it is invalid. */public class SecureChatTrustManagerFactory extends TrustManagerFactorySpi { private static final TrustManager DUMMY_TRUST_MANAGER = new X509TrustManager() { @Override public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() { return new X509Certificate[0]; } @Override public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) { // Always trust - it is an example. // You should do something in the real world. // You will reach here only if you enabled client certificate auth, // as described in SecureChatSslContextFactory. System.err.println( "UNKNOWN CLIENT CERTIFICATE: " + chain[0].getSubjectDN()); } @Override public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) { // Always trust - it is an example. // You should do something in the real world. System.err.println( "UNKNOWN SERVER CERTIFICATE: " + chain[0].getSubjectDN()); } }; public static TrustManager[] getTrustManagers() { return new TrustManager[] { DUMMY_TRUST_MANAGER }; } @Override protected TrustManager[] engineGetTrustManagers() { return getTrustManagers(); } @Override protected void engineInit(KeyStore keystore) throws KeyStoreException { // Unused } @Override protected void engineInit(ManagerFactoryParameters managerFactoryParameters) throws InvalidAlgorithmParameterException { // Unused }}/* * Copyright 2012 The Netty Project * * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License, * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at: * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations * under the License. */package netty.in.action.spdy;import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;import java.io.InputStream;/** * A bogus key store which provides all the required information to * create an example SSL connection. * * To generate a bogus key store: * <pre> * keytool -genkey -alias securechat -keysize 2048 -validity 36500 * -keyalg RSA -dname "CN=securechat" * -keypass secret -storepass secret * -keystore cert.jks * </pre> */public final class SecureChatKeyStore { private static final short[] DATA = { 0xfe, 0xed, 0xfe, 0xed, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x07, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x1a, 0x9f, 0x57, 0xa5, 0x27, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x9a, 0x30, 0x82, 0x01, 0x96, 0x30, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x0a, 0x2b, 0x06, 0x01, 0x04, 0x01, 0x2a, 0x02, 0x11, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x00, 0x04, 0x82, 0x01, 0x82, 0x48, 0x6d, 0xcf, 0x16, 0xb5, 0x50, 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0xb9, 0x8e, 0x15, 0x51 }; public static InputStream asInputStream() { byte[] data = new byte[DATA.length]; for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i ++) { data[i] = (byte) DATA[i]; } return new ByteArrayInputStream(data); } public static char[] getCertificatePassword() { return "secret".toCharArray(); } public static char[] getKeyStorePassword() { return "secret".toCharArray(); } private SecureChatKeyStore() { // Unused }}/* * Copyright 2012 The Netty Project * * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License, * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at: * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations * under the License. */package netty.in.action.spdy;import io.netty.handler.ssl.SslHandler;import io.netty.util.internal.SystemPropertyUtil;import java.security.KeyStore;import java.security.SecureRandom;import javax.net.ssl.KeyManager;import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;import javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine;import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;/** * Creates a bogus {@link SSLContext}. A client-side context created by this * factory accepts any certificate even if it is invalid. A server-side context * created by this factory sends a bogus certificate defined in {@link SecureChatKeyStore}. * <p> * You will have to create your context differently in a real world application. * * <h3>Client Certificate Authentication</h3> * * To enable client certificate authentication: * <ul> * <li>Enable client authentication on the server side by calling * {@link SSLEngine#setNeedClientAuth(boolean)} before creating * {@link SslHandler}.</li> * <li>When initializing an {@link SSLContext} on the client side, * specify the {@link KeyManager} that contains the client certificate as * the first argument of {@link SSLContext#init(KeyManager[], TrustManager[], SecureRandom)}.</li> * <li>When initializing an {@link SSLContext} on the server side, * specify the proper {@link TrustManager} as the second argument of * {@link SSLContext#init(KeyManager[], TrustManager[], SecureRandom)} * to validate the client certificate.</li> * </ul> */public final class SecureChatSslContextFactory { private static final String PROTOCOL = "TLS"; private static final SSLContext SERVER_CONTEXT; private static final SSLContext CLIENT_CONTEXT; static { String algorithm = SystemPropertyUtil.get("ssl.KeyManagerFactory.algorithm"); if (algorithm == null) { algorithm = "SunX509"; } SSLContext serverContext; SSLContext clientContext; try { KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS"); ks.load(SecureChatKeyStore.asInputStream(), SecureChatKeyStore.getKeyStorePassword()); // Set up key manager factory to use our key store KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(algorithm); kmf.init(ks, SecureChatKeyStore.getCertificatePassword()); // Initialize the SSLContext to work with our key managers. serverContext = SSLContext.getInstance(PROTOCOL); serverContext.init(kmf.getKeyManagers(), null, null); } catch (Exception e) { throw new Error( "Failed to initialize the server-side SSLContext", e); } try { clientContext = SSLContext.getInstance(PROTOCOL); clientContext.init(null, SecureChatTrustManagerFactory.getTrustManagers(), null); } catch (Exception e) { throw new Error( "Failed to initialize the client-side SSLContext", e); } SERVER_CONTEXT = serverContext; CLIENT_CONTEXT = clientContext; } public static SSLContext getServerContext() { return SERVER_CONTEXT; } public static SSLContext getClientContext() { return CLIENT_CONTEXT; } private SecureChatSslContextFactory() { // Unused }}12.4 Summary
这一章没有详细的按照netty in action书中来翻译，因为我感觉书中讲的很多都不是netty的重点，鄙人英文能实在有限，所以也就把精力不放在非核心上面了。若有读者需要详细在netty中使用spdy可以查看其它相关资料或文章，或者看本篇博文的例子代码。后面几章也会如此。
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