Android设计模式之建造者模式(Builder Pattern)

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假如一个对象由许多不同的属性构造,我们想要构造一个我们自己指定特定属性的对象,最简单的方法就是为每种情况提供一个构造函数,我们根据不要的构造函数来得到我们需要的包含了指定属性的对象。我们还是举个例子吧。

一个人有姓名、性别、年龄、身高,体重这五个属性组成,当我们创建一个人这个对象的时候,我们可能有下面这些情况:

1、只希望指定姓名
2、只希望指定性别
3、只希望指定年龄
4、只希望指定身高
5、只希望指定体重
6、只希望指定姓名和性别
7、只希望指定姓名和年龄
8、只希望指定姓名和身高
9、只希望指定姓名和体重
10、只希望指定性别和年龄
11、只希望指定性别和身高
12、……

上面就不一样列举了,就是一个排列组合问题,是不是有些凌乱了,如果一个对象的属性更多,那情况就更多了,显然把所以执行情况的构造函数都写出来不是一个明智的选择,因为想想你要写多少个构造函数,好恐怖,不敢想象。

那我们有没有一种方法来解决这个问题呢?这里我们就要使用建造者模式,它就是单独的来对一个对象进行构造,将一个复杂的构建与其表示相分离,使得同样的构建过程可以创建不同的表示。也就是说它来完成对象的构造过程,并且这个过程可以构造出上面我们所说的所有我们希望得到的对象。

建造模式是将复杂的内部创建封装在内部,对于外部调用的人来说,只需要传入建造者和建造工具,对于内部是如何建造成成品的,调用者无需关心。

针对上面所说的那个包含了5个属性的对象,我们使用构建者模式如何完成,下面我们来看看。

1、定义一个Person类,他包含了所有属性的get,set方法。

public class Person {    private String name;    private boolean sex;    private int age;    private float height;    private float weight;    public Person(String name, boolean sex, int age, float height, float weight) {        this.name = name;        this.sex = sex;        this.age = age;        this.height = height;        this.weight = weight;    }}

2、创建一个Builder类

public class Builder {    private String name;    private boolean sex;    private int age;    private float height;    private float weight;    public Builder setName(String name) {        this.name = name;        return this;    }    public Builder setSex(boolean sex) {        this.sex = sex;        return this;    }    public Builder setAge(int age) {        this.age = age;        return this;    }    public Builder setHeight(float height) {        this.height = height;        return this;    }    public Builder setWeight(float weight) {        this.weight = weight;        return this;    }    public Person create() {        return new Person(name, sex, age, height, weight);    }}

上面我们就写好了这个构造过程了。现在就可以根据我们的需要来得到任何我们想要的对象。

Builder builder = new Builder();builder.setName("Mirhunana");builder.setAge(23);Perons person = builder.create();

上面我们就得到了一个我们想要的对象,很方便,很简单。

上面就是构建者的基本思想,现实我们的使用的时候,可能会做出不同的变形,但是基本思想是不变的。下面我们来讲讲完整的构建者模式。

如下图所示。

这里写图片描述

它分为抽象建造者(Builder)角色、具体建造者(ConcreteBuilder)角色、导演者(Director)角色、产品(Product)角色四个角色。

抽象建造者(Builder)角色:给 出一个抽象接口,以规范产品对象的各个组成成分的建造。一般而言,此接口独立于应用程序的商业逻辑。模式中直接创建产品对象的是具体建造者 (ConcreteBuilder)角色。具体建造者类必须实现这个接口所要求的两种方法:一种是建造方法(buildPart1和 buildPart2),另一种是返还结构方法(retrieveResult)。一般来说,产品所包含的零件数目与建造方法的数目相符。换言之,有多少 零件,就有多少相应的建造方法。

  具体建造者(ConcreteBuilder)角色:担任这个角色的是与应用程序紧密相关的一些类,它们在应用程序调用下创建产品的实例。这个角色要完成的任务包括:1.实现抽象建造者Builder所声明的接口,给出一步一步地完成创建产品实例的操作。2.在建造过程完成后,提供产品的实例。

  导演者(Director)角色:担任这个角色的类调用具体建造者角色以创建产品对象。应当指出的是,导演者角色并没有产品类的具体知识,真正拥有产品类的具体知识的是具体建造者角色。

  产品(Product)角色:产品便是建造中的复杂对象。一般来说,一个系统中会有多于一个的产品类,而且这些产品类并不一定有共同的接口,而完全可以是不相关联的。

下面为了说明这个完整的过程,我们对上面我们写的那个构建者模式进行改进。

1、产品类Product
就是上面的Person

2、抽象建造者类Builder,就是上面的Builder的接口,目的就是为了为构造者提供统一的接口

public interface Builder {    public Builder setName(String name);    public Builder setSex(boolean sex);    public Builder setAge(int age);    public Builder setHeight(float height);    public Builder setWeight(float weight);    public Person create();}

3、 具体建造者类ConcreteBuilder,就是前面的Builder,只是它实现了一个共同的Builder接口

public class ConcreteBuilder implements Builder {    private String name;    private boolean sex;    private int age;    private float height;    private float weight;    public Builder setName(String name) {        this.name = name;        return this;    }    public Builder setSex(boolean sex) {        this.sex = sex;        return this;    }    public Builder setAge(int age) {        this.age = age;        return this;    }    public Builder setHeight(float height) {        this.height = height;        return this;    }    public Builder setWeight(float weight) {        this.weight = weight;        return this;    }    public Person create() {        return new Person(name, sex, age, height, weight);    }}

4、导演者类Director,它就是操作builder对象的

public class Director {    private Builder builder;    public Director(Builder builder){        this.builder = builder;    }    public void construct(String name, boolean sex, int age, float height, float weight) {        builder.setName(name);        builder.setSex(sex);        builder.setAge(age);        builder.setHeight(height);        builder.setWeight(weight);    }}

5、客户端代码

public class Test {    public static void main(String[] args) {        Builder builder = new ConcreteBuilder();        Director pcDirector = new Director(builder);        pcDirector.construct("Mirhunana", true, 23, 180, 100);        Person person = builder.create();    }}

下面我们来看看Android中的构建者模式吧,最经典的就是AlertDialog了,下面来看看它的用法。

private void showDialog(Context context) {      AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(context);      builder.setIcon(R.drawable.icon);      builder.setTitle("Title");      builder.setMessage("Message");      builder.setPositiveButton("Button1",              new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {                  public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {                      setTitle("点击了对话框上的Button1");                  }              });      builder.setNeutralButton("Button2",              new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {                  public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {                      setTitle("点击了对话框上的Button2");                  }              });      builder.setNegativeButton("Button3",              new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {                  public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {                      setTitle("点击了对话框上的Button3");                  }              });      builder.create().show();  // 构建AlertDialog, 并且显示} 

很显然AlertDialog内部有一个Builder类,它就是用来根据我们的需要构造AlertDialog的。

下面我们来看看这个Builder类。

public static class Builder {    private final AlertController.AlertParams P;    private int mTheme;    public Builder(Context context) {        this(context, resolveDialogTheme(context, 0));    }    public Builder(Context context, int theme) {        P = new AlertController.AlertParams(new ContextThemeWrapper(                context, resolveDialogTheme(context, theme)));        mTheme = theme;    }    public Context getContext() {        return P.mContext;    }    public Builder setTitle(int titleId) {        P.mTitle = P.mContext.getText(titleId);        return this;    }    public Builder setTitle(CharSequence title) {        P.mTitle = title;        return this;    }    public Builder setCustomTitle(View customTitleView) {        P.mCustomTitleView = customTitleView;        return this;    }    public Builder setMessage(int messageId) {        P.mMessage = P.mContext.getText(messageId);        return this;    }    public Builder setMessage(CharSequence message) {        P.mMessage = message;        return this;    }    public Builder setIcon(int iconId) {        P.mIconId = iconId;        return this;    }    public Builder setIcon(Drawable icon) {        P.mIcon = icon;        return this;    }    public Builder setIconAttribute(int attrId) {        TypedValue out = new TypedValue();        P.mContext.getTheme().resolveAttribute(attrId, out, true);        P.mIconId = out.resourceId;        return this;    }    public Builder setPositiveButton(int textId, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mPositiveButtonText = P.mContext.getText(textId);        P.mPositiveButtonListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setPositiveButton(CharSequence text, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mPositiveButtonText = text;        P.mPositiveButtonListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setNegativeButton(int textId, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mNegativeButtonText = P.mContext.getText(textId);        P.mNegativeButtonListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setNegativeButton(CharSequence text, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mNegativeButtonText = text;        P.mNegativeButtonListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setNeutralButton(int textId, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mNeutralButtonText = P.mContext.getText(textId);        P.mNeutralButtonListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setNeutralButton(CharSequence text, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mNeutralButtonText = text;        P.mNeutralButtonListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setCancelable(boolean cancelable) {        P.mCancelable = cancelable;        return this;    }    public Builder setOnCancelListener(OnCancelListener onCancelListener) {        P.mOnCancelListener = onCancelListener;        return this;    }    public Builder setOnDismissListener(OnDismissListener onDismissListener) {        P.mOnDismissListener = onDismissListener;        return this;    }    public Builder setOnKeyListener(OnKeyListener onKeyListener) {        P.mOnKeyListener = onKeyListener;        return this;    }    public Builder setItems(int itemsId, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mItems = P.mContext.getResources().getTextArray(itemsId);        P.mOnClickListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setItems(CharSequence[] items, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mItems = items;        P.mOnClickListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setAdapter(final ListAdapter adapter, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mAdapter = adapter;        P.mOnClickListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setCursor(final Cursor cursor, final OnClickListener listener,            String labelColumn) {        P.mCursor = cursor;        P.mLabelColumn = labelColumn;        P.mOnClickListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setMultiChoiceItems(int itemsId, boolean[] checkedItems,             final OnMultiChoiceClickListener listener) {        P.mItems = P.mContext.getResources().getTextArray(itemsId);        P.mOnCheckboxClickListener = listener;        P.mCheckedItems = checkedItems;        P.mIsMultiChoice = true;        return this;    }    public Builder setMultiChoiceItems(CharSequence[] items, boolean[] checkedItems,             final OnMultiChoiceClickListener listener) {        P.mItems = items;        P.mOnCheckboxClickListener = listener;        P.mCheckedItems = checkedItems;        P.mIsMultiChoice = true;        return this;    }    public Builder setMultiChoiceItems(Cursor cursor, String isCheckedColumn, String labelColumn,             final OnMultiChoiceClickListener listener) {        P.mCursor = cursor;        P.mOnCheckboxClickListener = listener;        P.mIsCheckedColumn = isCheckedColumn;        P.mLabelColumn = labelColumn;        P.mIsMultiChoice = true;        return this;    }    public Builder setSingleChoiceItems(int itemsId, int checkedItem,             final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mItems = P.mContext.getResources().getTextArray(itemsId);        P.mOnClickListener = listener;        P.mCheckedItem = checkedItem;        P.mIsSingleChoice = true;        return this;    }    public Builder setSingleChoiceItems(Cursor cursor, int checkedItem, String labelColumn,             final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mCursor = cursor;        P.mOnClickListener = listener;        P.mCheckedItem = checkedItem;        P.mLabelColumn = labelColumn;        P.mIsSingleChoice = true;        return this;    }    public Builder setSingleChoiceItems(CharSequence[] items, int checkedItem, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mItems = items;        P.mOnClickListener = listener;        P.mCheckedItem = checkedItem;        P.mIsSingleChoice = true;        return this;    }     public Builder setSingleChoiceItems(ListAdapter adapter, int checkedItem, final OnClickListener listener) {        P.mAdapter = adapter;        P.mOnClickListener = listener;        P.mCheckedItem = checkedItem;        P.mIsSingleChoice = true;        return this;    }    public Builder setOnItemSelectedListener(final AdapterView.OnItemSelectedListener listener) {        P.mOnItemSelectedListener = listener;        return this;    }    public Builder setView(View view) {        P.mView = view;        P.mViewSpacingSpecified = false;        return this;    }    public Builder setInverseBackgroundForced(boolean useInverseBackground) {        P.mForceInverseBackground = useInverseBackground;        return this;    }    public AlertDialog create() {        final AlertDialog dialog = new AlertDialog(P.mContext, mTheme, false);        P.apply(dialog.mAlert);        dialog.setCancelable(P.mCancelable);        if (P.mCancelable) {            dialog.setCanceledOnTouchOutside(true);        }        dialog.setOnCancelListener(P.mOnCancelListener);        dialog.setOnDismissListener(P.mOnDismissListener);        if (P.mOnKeyListener != null) {            dialog.setOnKeyListener(P.mOnKeyListener);        }        return dialog;    }    public AlertDialog show() {        AlertDialog dialog = create();        dialog.show();        return dialog;    }}

它的做法就是:
1、在构造函数里面创建一个AlertParams对象用来缓存AlertDialog的所有属性,另外单独定义一个theme来缓存AlertDialog的主题。

public Builder(Context context, int theme) {    P = new AlertController.AlertParams(new ContextThemeWrapper(            context, resolveDialogTheme(context, theme)));    mTheme = theme;}

2、我们可以通过一系类的set函数,主要就是把我们设置的属性缓存到AlertParams这个对象里面。

3、调用create函数,它的操作就是创建一个AlertDialog对象,然后把AlertParams里面缓存的属性全部应用到AlertDialog上面去。我们来看看它的具体操作。

(1) 创建AlertDialog对象

final AlertDialog dialog = new AlertDialog(P.mContext, mTheme, false);

(2) 把缓存的属性全部设置到AlertDialog上面去

P.apply(dialog.mAlert);dialog.setCancelable(P.mCancelable);if (P.mCancelable) {    dialog.setCanceledOnTouchOutside(true);}dialog.setOnCancelListener(P.mOnCancelListener);dialog.setOnDismissListener(P.mOnDismissListener);if (P.mOnKeyListener != null) {    dialog.setOnKeyListener(P.mOnKeyListener);}

首先我们来看看apply函数。

public void apply(AlertController dialog) {    if (mCustomTitleView != null) {        dialog.setCustomTitle(mCustomTitleView);    } else {        if (mTitle != null) {            dialog.setTitle(mTitle);        }        if (mIcon != null) {            dialog.setIcon(mIcon);        }        if (mIconId >= 0) {            dialog.setIcon(mIconId);        }        if (mIconAttrId > 0) {            dialog.setIcon(dialog.getIconAttributeResId(mIconAttrId));        }    }    if (mMessage != null) {        dialog.setMessage(mMessage);    }    if (mPositiveButtonText != null) {        dialog.setButton(DialogInterface.BUTTON_POSITIVE, mPositiveButtonText,                mPositiveButtonListener, null);    }    if (mNegativeButtonText != null) {        dialog.setButton(DialogInterface.BUTTON_NEGATIVE, mNegativeButtonText,                mNegativeButtonListener, null);    }    if (mNeutralButtonText != null) {        dialog.setButton(DialogInterface.BUTTON_NEUTRAL, mNeutralButtonText,                mNeutralButtonListener, null);    }    if (mForceInverseBackground) {        dialog.setInverseBackgroundForced(true);    }    // For a list, the client can either supply an array of items or an    // adapter or a cursor    if ((mItems != null) || (mCursor != null) || (mAdapter != null)) {        createListView(dialog);    }    if (mView != null) {        if (mViewSpacingSpecified) {            dialog.setView(mView, mViewSpacingLeft, mViewSpacingTop, mViewSpacingRight,                    mViewSpacingBottom);        } else {            dialog.setView(mView);        }    }    /*    dialog.setCancelable(mCancelable);    dialog.setOnCancelListener(mOnCancelListener);    if (mOnKeyListener != null) {        dialog.setOnKeyListener(mOnKeyListener);    }    */}

可以看到AlertParams的这个函数就是把自己内部缓存的属性值全部设置到了AlertDialog里面。

上面的思想跟我们前面将的基本相同,唯一的不同就是,它里面创建了一个属性容器AlertParams,用来存放AlertDialog所有的属性,最后会将这些属性应用到AlertDialog身上,前面我们将的是直接在Builder内部来操作Product对象,也相当于这里的AlertDialog。

另外一个地方也用到了这种构建者模式,那就是我们在创建自定义的Notification的时候。

具体我们来看看Notification里面的setLatestEventInfo函数。

public void setLatestEventInfo(Context context,        CharSequence contentTitle, CharSequence contentText, PendingIntent contentIntent) {    Notification.Builder builder = new Notification.Builder(context);    // First, ensure that key pieces of information that may have been set directly    // are preserved    builder.setWhen(this.when);    builder.setSmallIcon(this.icon);    builder.setPriority(this.priority);    builder.setTicker(this.tickerText);    builder.setNumber(this.number);    builder.mFlags = this.flags;    builder.setSound(this.sound, this.audioStreamType);    builder.setDefaults(this.defaults);    builder.setVibrate(this.vibrate);    // now apply the latestEventInfo fields    if (contentTitle != null) {        builder.setContentTitle(contentTitle);    }    if (contentText != null) {        builder.setContentText(contentText);    }    builder.setContentIntent(contentIntent);    builder.buildInto(this);}

可以看到我们设置Notification属性,它也是通过构建者模式,它的做法又有些不同,就是它直接把Notification属性都缓存在Builder对象里面,然后通过builder.buildInto(this)把builder里面的属性应用到this上,这里的this就是Notification对象本身,因为setLatestEventInfo是它的一个成员函数。

我们可以来大概看看Buidler对象里面的属性。

public static class Builder {    private static final int MAX_ACTION_BUTTONS = 3;    private Context mContext;    private long mWhen;    private int mSmallIcon;    private int mSmallIconLevel;    private int mNumber;    private CharSequence mContentTitle;    private CharSequence mContentText;    private CharSequence mContentInfo;    private CharSequence mSubText;    private PendingIntent mContentIntent;    private RemoteViews mContentView;    private PendingIntent mDeleteIntent;    private PendingIntent mFullScreenIntent;    private CharSequence mTickerText;    private RemoteViews mTickerView;    private Bitmap mLargeIcon;    private Uri mSound;    private int mAudioStreamType;    private long[] mVibrate;    private int mLedArgb;    private int mLedOnMs;    private int mLedOffMs;    private int mDefaults;    private int mFlags;    private int mProgressMax;    private int mProgress;    private boolean mProgressIndeterminate;    private ArrayList<String> mKindList = new ArrayList<String>(1);    private Bundle mExtras;    private int mPriority;    private ArrayList<Action> mActions = new ArrayList<Action>(MAX_ACTION_BUTTONS);    private boolean mUseChronometer;    private Style mStyle;    private boolean mShowWhen = true;    ......    ......    }

从这里我们就可以看到,确实他内部定义了很多成员变量来存放Notification的属性,最后它会通过builder.buildInto(this)函数把这些属性应用到Notificaition身上,这样达到了为Notificaiton设置属性的目的。我们来看看buildInto函数。

public Notification buildInto(Notification n) {    build().cloneInto(n, true);    return n;}

它内部通过build函数来来创建一个Notification对象,然后把它里面缓存的属性应用到这个Notification上面,最后通过cloneInto把创建的这个Notification对象复制给传进来的这个Notification,也就是我们真正的Notification,这样最终就把所有的属性应用到我们的Notification上面。

1、Builder里面的build()创建一个Notification,并且把Builder里面缓存的属性都应用到这个Notification上面。

2、Builder里面的cloneInto函数,把我们创建的Notificaiton复制给传进来的Notification,这样我们的Notification就拥有这些属性。

具体的源码这里就不展示了,可以看看自定义Notification和Toast这篇文章,
我们可以看到Builder构建者的使用非常灵活,但是思路和思想确实一致的,我们关键需要把握思想。

参考文章:

Android设计模式源码解析之Builder模式

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