TOEFL(20151220)分析

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R1：树木的年轮问题

全文逻辑

讲述树木的年轮问题。通过树木的年轮的分析可以获取降雨量等历史信息。具体来讲，一年中气候的严峻和温和的区分度越大，树木中细胞的生长速度的变化度就越大，比如春夏生长，秋冬休眠不长，这种树木容易出现明显的年轮；比如春夏生长，秋冬也生长，这种树很难有年轮。因此，年轮在针叶林中最显著，在大多数温带落叶树中不明显，而许多热带树中则根本没有。

词汇

Duration n. 持续期间

Elaborate adj. 复杂的

Enable v. 使能够

Extract v. 移除

Lucrative adj. 获利丰厚的

Margin n. 边界

Pioneer adj. 最早的

Stimulate v. 刺激

Surplus n. 多余

In some degree n. 某种程度上

 

R2：罗马经济

全文逻辑

罗马经济的发展和旺盛带动了周边的经济发展。小地方平均继承制导致土地越分越少，农场主为了提高地位跑到大城市。使得港口和大城市越来越发展，小城市越来越落后这一现象。罗马的发展对不同方面产生着不同的影响。

词汇

Gavelkind n. 平均继承制

Farmer n. 农场主

Port city n. 港口城市

Vigorous adj. 旺盛的

 

R3：鸟类

全文逻辑

大部分的鸟类通过储存脂肪和食物来度过食物短缺的时期。但是，小小鸟需要耗费大量的能量，很难储存食物；大大鸟容易存储脂肪或者食物。解决办法可能是降低新陈代谢率，冬眠等。

词汇

Metabolic rate n. 新陈代谢率

Hibernation n. 冬眠

 

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C1：学生预约教室失败

全文逻辑

学生预定教室失败，找负责人理论去了。发现可能的原因是丢了申请表或者是从复提交。解决方案是换了另外一个教室。

词汇

Resubmit v. 重复提交

Reserve v. 预定

Application n. 申请表

 

L1 ：人类迁徙

全文逻辑

古人类的迁徙路径，第一种迁徙路径是从台湾开始迁徙，到菲律宾和印尼，然后到波利尼西亚和夏威夷。第二种迁徙路径，间隔时间很长，造船技术更成熟。考古采用的技术是树木，细菌基因的变化等途径进行迁徙路径的跟踪。

词汇

Migrate v. 迁徙

Polynesia n. 波利尼西亚

Shipbuilding n. 造船业

Archaeology n. 考古学

 

L2：屋顶花园

全文逻辑

屋顶花园调节城市气候，降低城市热岛效应。分为粗放型和精致型。粗放型价格便宜，土壤比较薄，但是只能种一种植物。精致型土壤较厚，能种植很多种植物。

词汇

Extensive green roof 粗放型绿化屋顶

Intensive green roof 精致型绿化屋顶

 

C2 ：选课类

全文逻辑

学生实习原因不能上教授的课程。解决的方法一是网上的课程，但这需要学生有很强的自制力，反馈问题也比较慢。教授建议学生选择他的项目作业。并且给了学生一些阅读资料。

词汇

Thesis n. 论文

Self-control n. 自制力

Online course n. 网上课程

Feedback n. 反馈

Form n. 表格

 

L3：天文学

全文逻辑

外行星的发现途径。方法一是径向速度，这种方法发现了一个太阳系外的外行星，这个外行星比木星大好几倍。女生提问为什么行星比恒星小却可以影响恒星，老师解释了什么是径向速度。方法二是光谱法，观测恒星的光度的变化，可以通过光谱法判定行星上有什么元素。

词汇

Radical velocity n. 径向速度

Exoplanet n. 外行星

Chemical element 化学元素

Spectrum analysis 光谱法

 

L4: 电子音乐

全文逻辑

全文讲述的是一种音乐表现形式，即电子音乐。男生对电子音乐会持有消极的态度，认为电子音乐会不是真正的音乐；女生对电子音乐会持有积极的态度，谈及乐队人员之间采用电子方式进行交流和现场的演奏。教授评价是有些电子音乐人是音乐家，有些电子音乐人是程序员，总而言之，教授的评价还是相对比较积极的。

词汇

Electronic music n. 电子音乐

Semicircle n. 半圆形

Improvisation n. 即兴演奏

 

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S1：工作类

问题

Which one of the following volunteer work would you prefer doing? Tutoring children, driving senior citizens around or teaching adults to read?

回答

Well, personally, I would like to drive senior citizens around. One important reason is that senior citizens are the group of people that need our help the most. Take my grandpa for an example, he is 86 years old and he really love to get out of house. Especially, he enjoys a lot when he was in a cafe downtown where he can meet his friends regualrly. But it is really a big challenge for him to arrive there, So in my spare time, I would like to drive him to the cafe, and he would never have to suffer. So, that is why I would like to drive senior citizens around.

 

S2：物品类

问题

If there is something you want to buy, do you prefer saving money yourself to buy it or ask someone to borrow some money to buy it?

回答

Well, personally, I prefer to save money myself to buy it. One important reason is that I would find a bit awkward to borrow money from my friends. Taking myself for an example, when I was in college I borrow some money from my roommate to buy something that I really need. At first I thought we were really good friends, so it would be no problem to pay him back in 3 weeks. But after 2 weeks my roomate wanted me to pay him back because he needed to go on a trip. I find a bit awkward that I did not prepare weel to pay him back. So, that is why I prefer to save money to buy it myself.

 

S3：学生建议类

问题

学生建议学校设置电子公告栏。女生不同意。其一是不是每一个人都经过那里，比如如果只有图书馆张贴消息的话她就会错过。其二是电子公告的消息太慢了。

回答

The stduent proposes that the university should have an electric bulletin board. The woman disagree with this. One important reason is that not every one will pass by the electric board. In her example, once the information was only posted in the library only, and she would not able to see the information. Another important reason is that it is too slow to read the information posted on the electric bulletin board, it is inconvent for students.

 

S4：教育类

问题

塑造，意思是小孩通过日常生活中的相关的事情来进行学习。在例子中，教授通过自己的小孩进行涂色训练，一开始涂成什么颜色小孩都会受到表扬，后来不断提提高要求，只有涂上树上的相应的颜色才会受到表扬。

回答

The professor talks about an academic terms name sharping, it means that chileren can observe the reaction of people around them when they learn a new skill, parents and teachers can better educate the children based on this quality. In the example, his kid learns to color, at first, the kid would get praise despite of the quality of his work. After a while, only when the kid is able to color the tree, can he get praise.

 

S5：论文类

问题

女生选择了美国地貌进行论文写作，但是论文的题目和别人的论文的题目重复了。两种解决方法，首先，她可以坚持自己的论文的题目，但是大家可能会觉得有点无聊了。其次，也可以换成民间艺术的话题，但是所有的东西都要重新做。

回答

The woman has a problem that she can choose American landscape as the topic of her presentation, but someone also choose the same topic. There are two possible solutions, first, she can stick her topic, second, she can change her topic to folk art. Personally, I think she can change her topic to folk art, one important reason is that everyone would not feel boring about her topic. Another important reason is that she can learn a lot of knowledge about the new tipic.

 

S6：农业类

问题

过度灌溉有两个缺点，其一是造成土壤过度湿润，产生大量的菌类细菌进而影响植物的生长。其二是盐分太多，影响植物生长。

回答

The professor talks about two disadvantages of irrigation. The first one is that plants would not grow properly when there are too much water. In the example, it the soil gets wet, fungus starts to form, and it will keep melons from growing prperly. The second disadvantage is that in low rainfall areas, salt builts up in lakes, when there are too many salts in the water, it does harm to plants.

 

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W1：生物类

问题

阿拉斯加鲸鱼和北极熊属于不同的品种。阅读理由1：两种动物的颜色不一样，2，两种动物的生存的水域不一样，3，两种动物的寿命不一样。听力中反对，其一是，海藻的存在会影响色差，使得不同的季节看起来不一样。其二，两种动物喜好的食物不一样，一种喜欢吃哺乳动物，另外一种喜欢吃鱼；其三，用鱼鳍测算年龄的方法很不靠谱。

词汇

Seaweed n. 海藻

Chromatic aberration n. 色差

Mammals n. 哺乳动物

Fin n. 鱼鳍

 

W2：健康类

问题

Out of the following three things, which one would you prefer to regulate in order to improve your health? 1. The kind of food you eat 2. The amount of exercise 3. The amount of stress in your life.

词汇

Intermittent adj. 间隔的

Plausible adj. 合理的

Junk food n. 垃圾食品