java中String类、StringBuffer类、StringBuilder类的区别（未完待续）

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java中String类、StringBuffer类、StringBuilder类的区别，这个问题是java基础问题，老生常谈，也是很重要的一个内容，因为我们每天都在用。也是面试官经常问到的一个问题。

一，String类

1，String类位于java.lang.*包下。

2，public final class String implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence，String类实现了这3个接口。

3，String类是字符串常量，并且字符串长度不可变。,

4，在底层，String类的实现，是依赖于char的。

二，StringBuffer类

1，StringBuffer类是字符串变量，也就是说字符串的长度是可变的；

2，StringBuffer类是线程安全的，Synchronized；

3，如果需要频繁的对String进行操作，建议使用StringBuffer类，StringBuffer类在处理字符串时，具有更好的效率；

4，如果需要转换成String，只需要调用StringBuffer的toString方法即可。

三，StringBuilder类

1，StringBuilder类是字符串变量，也就是说字符串的长度是可变的；

2，StringBuilder类是非线程安全的；

3，StringBuilder类被设计成StringBuilder的替换类，如果在单线程环境下，可以使用StringBuilder替换StringBuffer；

四、String 和 StringBuffer的区别？
从基本概念上来说，String是一个类，一旦生成对象，就不可修改了。进行2个字符串操作时，需要生成一个新的字符串对象，实际上操作的是2个对
象。StringBuffer也是一个类，和String不同的是，StringBuffer是一个字符串池。
从内存分配上来说，String对象一旦生成，内存就是固定的，这就是我们说String不可变的根本原因，而StringBuffer对象生成时，系统就会分配一
个指定长度的内存块。
从底层实现上来说，String是用字符数组来实现的，StringBuffer是用CharSequeue（字符序列）来实现的。
从系统开销上来说，如果仅仅是读取操作，String的系统开销较小；如果对字符串增删操作，StringBuffer的系统开销更小。
从实现思想上来说，String是用空间换时间，StringBuffer是用空间换时间。

五，String/StringBuffer/StringBuilder性能对比

1，对于修改字符串来说，String的性能是最低了，这一点是确定的。但是StringBuffer与StringBuilder的速度谁快谁慢，这个值得大家亲自测试一下。

目前一般的看法是StringBuilder的速度要快于StringBuffer，因为StringBuffer是线程安全的，做到线程安全需要以损耗速度为代价。但是在单线程的环境下

进行测试，StringBuffer的速度要快于StringBuilder。（对于字符串需要频繁修改的应用场景，请勿使用String，因为String和StringBuffer、StringBuilder

的性能差别是数量级的差别）

2，一般来说，StringBuffer是线程安全的，StringBuilder是非线程安全的。所以StringBuffer经常使用过，但是StringBuilder在项目中很少使用。有一点需要

注意一下，就是StringBuffer的性能，可能java官方进行了优化。

附上String类的源代码：

/**
* The String class represents character strings. All
* string literals in Java programs, such as <code>"abc"</code>, are
* implemented as instances of this class.
* String类是字符串常量，他们的值一旦创建是不可改变的。
* Strings are constant; their values cannot be changed after they
* are created. String buffers support mutable strings.
* Because String objects are immutable（不变的） they can be shared. For example:
String str = "abc";

char data[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
String str = new String(data);

//上面2种写法是等价的
* Here are some more examples of how strings can be used:
* System.out.println("abc");
* String cde = "cde";
* System.out.println("abc" + cde);
* String c = "abc".substring(2,3);
* String d = cde.substring(1, 2);
* The Java language provides special support for the string
* concatenation operator ( + ), and for conversion of
* other objects to strings. String concatenation is implemented
* through the <code>StringBuilder</code>(or <code>StringBuffer</code>)
* class and its <code>append</code> method.
* String conversions are implemented through the method
* <code>toString</code>, defined by <code>Object</code> and
* inherited by all classes in Java. For additional information on
* string concatenation and conversion, see Gosling, Joy, and Steele,
*/

public final class String implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence {
/** final类型的字符数组，用来存放String，从这里可以看出，String在底层是通过字符数组来存放的. */
private final char value[];

/** Cache the hash code for the string */
private int hash; // Default to 0

/** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.0.2 for interoperability */
private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;

/**
* Class String is special cased within the Serialization Stream Protocol.
*
* A String instance is written initially into an ObjectOutputStream in the
* following format:
* <pre>
* <code>TC_STRING</code> (utf String)
* </pre>
* The String is written by method <code>DataOutput.writeUTF</code>.
* A new handle is generated to refer to all future references to the
* string instance within the stream.
*/
private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
new ObjectStreamField[0];

public String() {
this.value = new char[0];
}

public String(String original) {
this.value = original.value;
this.hash = original.hash;
}

/**
* Allocates a new {@code String} so that it represents the sequence of
* characters currently contained in the character array argument. The
* contents of the character array are copied; subsequent modification of
* the character array does not affect the newly created string.
*/
public String(char value[]) {
this.value = Arrays.copyOf(value, value.length);
}

/**
* Allocates a new String that contains characters from a subarray of the character array argument. The offset argument is the
* index of the first character of the subarray and the count argument specifies the length of the subarray. The contents of the
* subarray are copied; subsequent modification of the character array does not affect the newly created string.
*/
public String(char value[], int offset, int count) {
if (offset < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
}
if (count < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
}
// Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
if (offset > value.length - count) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
}
this.value = Arrays.copyOfRange(value, offset, offset+count);
}

public String(int[] codePoints, int offset, int count) {
if (offset < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
}
if (count < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
}
// Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
if (offset > codePoints.length - count) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
}
final int end = offset + count;
// Pass 1: Compute precise size of char[]
int n = count;
for (int i = offset; i < end; i++) {
int c = codePoints[i];
if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(c))
continue;
else if (Character.isValidCodePoint(c))
n++;
else throw new IllegalArgumentException(Integer.toString(c));
}
// Pass 2: Allocate and fill in char[]
final char[] v = new char[n];
for (int i = offset, j = 0; i < end; i++, j++) {
int c = codePoints[i];
if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(c))
v[j] = (char)c;
else
Character.toSurrogates(c, v, j++);
}
this.value = v;
}

/* Common private utility method used to bounds check the byte array
* and requested offset & length values used by the String(byte[],..)
* constructors.
*/
private static void checkBounds(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length) {
if (length < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(length);
if (offset < 0)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
if (offset > bytes.length - length)
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + length);
}

public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, String charsetName)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
if (charsetName == null)
throw new NullPointerException("charsetName");
checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
this.value = StringCoding.decode(charsetName, bytes, offset, length);
}

public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, Charset charset) {
if (charset == null)
throw new NullPointerException("charset");
checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
this.value = StringCoding.decode(charset, bytes, offset, length);
}

/**
* Constructs a new {@code String} by decoding the specified array of bytes
* using the specified {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset}. The
* length of the new {@code String} is a function of the charset, and hence
* may not be equal to the length of the byte array.
*
* The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
* in the given charset is unspecified. The {@link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder} class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @param charsetName
* The name of a supported {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset
* charset}
*
* @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
* If the named charset is not supported
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public String(byte bytes[], String charsetName)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
this(bytes, 0, bytes.length, charsetName);
}

/**
* Constructs a new {@code String} by decoding the specified array of
* bytes using the specified {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset}.
* The length of the new {@code String} is a function of the charset, and
* hence may not be equal to the length of the byte array.
*
* This method always replaces malformed-input and unmappable-character
* sequences with this charset's default replacement string. The {@link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder} class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @param charset
* The {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset} to be used to
* decode the {@code bytes}
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public String(byte bytes[], Charset charset) {
this(bytes, 0, bytes.length, charset);
}

public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length) {
checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
this.value = StringCoding.decode(bytes, offset, length);
}

/**
* Constructs a new {@code String} by decoding the specified array of bytes
* using the platform's default charset. The length of the new {@code
* String} is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal to the
* length of the byte array.
*
* The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid
* in the default charset is unspecified. The {@link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder} class should be used when more control
* over the decoding process is required.
*
* @param bytes
* The bytes to be decoded into characters
*
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public String(byte bytes[]) {
this(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
}

/**
* Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters
* currently contained in the string buffer argument. The contents of the
* string buffer are copied; subsequent modification of the string buffer
* does not affect the newly created string.
*
* @param buffer
* A {@code StringBuffer}
*/
public String(StringBuffer buffer) {
synchronized(buffer) {
this.value = Arrays.copyOf(buffer.getValue(), buffer.length());
}
}

/**
* Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters
* currently contained in the string builder argument. The contents of the
* string builder are copied; subsequent modification of the string builder
* does not affect the newly created string.
*
* This constructor is provided to ease migration to {@code
* StringBuilder}. Obtaining a string from a string builder via the {@code
* toString} method is likely to run faster and is generally preferred.
*
* @param builder
* A {@code StringBuilder}
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public String(StringBuilder builder) {
this.value = Arrays.copyOf(builder.getValue(), builder.length());
}

/*
* Package private constructor which shares value array for speed.
* this constructor is always expected to be called with share==true.
* a separate constructor is needed because we already have a public
* String(char[]) constructor that makes a copy of the given char[].
*/
String(char[] value, boolean share) {
// assert share : "unshared not supported";
this.value = value;
}

/**
* Package private constructor
*
* @deprecated Use {@link #String(char[],int,int)} instead.
*/
@Deprecated
String(int offset, int count, char[] value) {
this(value, offset, count);
}

/**
* Returns the length of this string.
* The length is equal to the number of <a href="Character.html#unicode">Unicode
* code units</a> in the string.
*
* @return the length of the sequence of characters represented by this
* object.
*/
public int length() {
return value.length;
}

/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, {@link #length()} is <tt>0</tt>.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if {@link #length()} is <tt>0</tt>, otherwise
* <tt>false</tt>
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return value.length == 0;
}

/**
* Returns the <code>char</code> value at the
* specified index. An index ranges from <code>0</code> to
* <code>length() - 1</code>. The first <code>char</code> value of the sequence
* is at index <code>0</code>, the next at index <code>1</code>,
* and so on, as for array indexing.
*
* If the <code>char</code> value specified by the index is a
* <a href="Character.html#unicode">surrogate</a>, the surrogate
* value is returned.
*/
public char charAt(int index) {
if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length)) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
}
return value[index];
}

/**
* Returns the character (Unicode code point) at the specified
* index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
* (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>0</code> to
* {@link #length()}<code> - 1</code>.
*
* If the <code>char</code> value specified at the given index
* is in the high-surrogate range, the following index is less
* than the length of this <code>String</code>, and the
* <code>char</code> value at the following index is in the
* low-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point
* corresponding to this surrogate pair is returned. Otherwise,
* the <code>char</code> value at the given index is returned.
*/
public int codePointAt(int index) {
if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length)) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
}
return Character.codePointAtImpl(value, index, value.length);
}

/**
* Returns the character (Unicode code point) before the specified
* index. The index refers to <code>char</code> values
* (Unicode code units) and ranges from <code>1</code> to {@link
* CharSequence#length() length}.
*
* If the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index - 1)</code>
* is in the low-surrogate range, <code>(index - 2)</code> is not
* negative, and the <code>char</code> value at <code>(index -
* 2)</code> is in the high-surrogate range, then the
* supplementary code point value of the surrogate pair is
* returned. If the <code>char</code> value at <code>index -
* 1</code> is an unpaired low-surrogate or a high-surrogate, the
* surrogate value is returned.
*/
public int codePointBefore(int index) {
int i = index - 1;
if ((i < 0) || (i >= value.length)) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
}
return Character.codePointBeforeImpl(value, index, 0);
}

/**
* Returns the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
* range of this <code>String</code>. The text range begins at the
* specified <code>beginIndex</code> and extends to the
* <code>char</code> at index <code>endIndex - 1</code>. Thus the
* length (in <code>char</code>s) of the text range is
* <code>endIndex-beginIndex</code>. Unpaired surrogates within
* the text range count as one code point each.
*
* @param beginIndex the index to the first <code>char</code> of
* the text range.
* @param endIndex the index after the last <code>char</code> of
* the text range.
* @return the number of Unicode code points in the specified text
* range
*/
public int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
if (beginIndex < 0 || endIndex > value.length || beginIndex > endIndex) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
return Character.codePointCountImpl(value, beginIndex, endIndex - beginIndex);
}

/**
* Returns the index within this <code>String</code> that is
* offset from the given <code>index</code> by
* <code>codePointOffset</code> code points. Unpaired surrogates
* within the text range given by <code>index</code> and
* <code>codePointOffset</code> count as one code point each.
*
* @param index the index to be offset
* @param codePointOffset the offset in code points
* @return the index within this <code>String</code>
*/
public int offsetByCodePoints(int index, int codePointOffset) {
if (index < 0 || index > value.length) {
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
}
return Character.offsetByCodePointsImpl(value, 0, value.length,
index, codePointOffset);
}

/**
* Copy characters from this string into dst starting at dstBegin.
* This method doesn't perform any range checking.
*/
void getChars(char dst[], int dstBegin) {
System.arraycopy(value, 0, dst, dstBegin, value.length);
}

/**
* Copies characters from this string into the destination character
* array.
* 
* The first character to be copied is at index <code>srcBegin</code>;
* the last character to be copied is at index <code>srcEnd-1</code>
* (thus the total number of characters to be copied is
* <code>srcEnd-srcBegin</code>). The characters are copied into the
* subarray of <code>dst</code> starting at index <code>dstBegin</code>
* and ending at index:
*/
public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char dst[], int dstBegin) {
if (srcBegin < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
}
if (srcEnd > value.length) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
}
if (srcBegin > srcEnd) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
}
System.arraycopy(value, srcBegin, dst, dstBegin, srcEnd - srcBegin);
}

/**
* Encodes this {@code String} into a sequence of bytes using the named
* charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
*
* The behavior of this method when this string cannot be encoded in
* the given charset is unspecified. The {@link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder} class should be used when more control
* over the encoding process is required.
*/
public byte[] getBytes(String charsetName)
throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
if (charsetName == null) throw new NullPointerException();
return StringCoding.encode(charsetName, value, 0, value.length);
}

/**
* Encodes this {@code String} into a sequence of bytes using the given
* {@linkplain java.nio.charset.Charset charset}, storing the result into a
* new byte array.
*/
public byte[] getBytes(Charset charset) {
if (charset == null) throw new NullPointerException();
return StringCoding.encode(charset, value, 0, value.length);
}

/**
* Encodes this {@code String} into a sequence of bytes using the
* platform's default charset, storing the result into a new byte array.
*
* The behavior of this method when this string cannot be encoded in
* the default charset is unspecified. The {@link
* java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder} class should be used when more control
* over the encoding process is required.
*/
public byte[] getBytes() {
return StringCoding.encode(value, 0, value.length);
}

/**
* Compares this string to the specified object. The result is {@code
* true} if and only if the argument is not {@code null} and is a {@code
* String} object that represents the same sequence of characters as this
* object.
*/
public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
if (this == anObject) {
return true;
}
if (anObject instanceof String) {
String anotherString = (String) anObject;
int n = value.length;
if (n == anotherString.value.length) {
char v1[] = value;
char v2[] = anotherString.value;
int i = 0;
while (n-- != 0) {
if (v1[i] != v2[i])
return false;
i++;
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
}

/**
* Compares this string to the specified {@code StringBuffer}. The result
* is {@code true} if and only if this {@code String} represents the same
* sequence of characters as the specified {@code StringBuffer}.
*/
public boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb) {
synchronized (sb) {
return contentEquals((CharSequence) sb);
}
}

/**
* Compares this string to the specified {@code CharSequence}. The result
* is {@code true} if and only if this {@code String} represents the same
* sequence of char values as the specified sequence.
*/
public boolean contentEquals(CharSequence cs) {
if (value.length != cs.length())
return false;
// Argument is a StringBuffer, StringBuilder
if (cs instanceof AbstractStringBuilder) {
char v1[] = value;
char v2[] = ((AbstractStringBuilder) cs).getValue();
int i = 0;
int n = value.length;
while (n-- != 0) {
if (v1[i] != v2[i])
return false;
i++;
}
return true;
}
// Argument is a String
if (cs.equals(this))
return true;
// Argument is a generic CharSequence
char v1[] = value;
int i = 0;
int n = value.length;
while (n-- != 0) {
if (v1[i] != cs.charAt(i))
return false;
i++;
}
return true;
}

/**
* Compares this {@code String} to another {@code String}, ignoring case
* considerations. Two strings are considered equal ignoring case if they
* are of the same length and corresponding characters in the two strings
* are equal ignoring case.
*
* Two characters {@code c1} and {@code c2} are considered the same
* ignoring case if at least one of the following is true:
* <ul>
* <li> The two characters are the same (as compared by the
* {@code ==} operator)
* <li> Applying the method {@link
* java.lang.Character#toUpperCase(char)} to each character
* produces the same result
* <li> Applying the method {@link
* java.lang.Character#toLowerCase(char)} to each character
* produces the same result
* </ul>
*/
public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString) {
return (this == anotherString) ? true
: (anotherString != null)
&& (anotherString.value.length == value.length)
&& regionMatches(true, 0, anotherString, 0, value.length);
}

public int compareTo(String anotherString) {
int len1 = value.length;
int len2 = anotherString.value.length;
int lim = Math.min(len1, len2);
char v1[] = value;
char v2[] = anotherString.value;
int k = 0;
while (k < lim) {
char c1 = v1[k];
char c2 = v2[k];
if (c1 != c2) {
return c1 - c2;
}
k++;
}
return len1 - len2;
}

/**
* A Comparator that orders <code>String</code> objects as by
* <code>compareToIgnoreCase</code>. This comparator is serializable.
* 
* Note that this Comparator does not take locale into account,
* and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
* The java.text package provides Collators to allow
* locale-sensitive ordering.
*/
public static final Comparator<String> CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER = new CaseInsensitiveComparator();
private static class CaseInsensitiveComparator
implements Comparator<String>, java.io.Serializable {
// use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.2.2 for interoperability
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8575799808933029326L;
public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
int n1 = s1.length();
int n2 = s2.length();
int min = Math.min(n1, n2);
for (int i = 0; i < min; i++) {
char c1 = s1.charAt(i);
char c2 = s2.charAt(i);
if (c1 != c2) {
c1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
c2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
if (c1 != c2) {
c1 = Character.toLowerCase(c1);
c2 = Character.toLowerCase(c2);
if (c1 != c2) {
// No overflow because of numeric promotion
return c1 - c2;
}
}
}
}
return n1 - n2;
}
}

/**
* Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case
* differences. This method returns an integer whose sign is that of
* calling <code>compareTo</code> with normalized versions of the strings
* where case differences have been eliminated by calling
* <code>Character.toLowerCase(Character.toUpperCase(character))</code> on
* each character.
* 
* Note that this method does not take locale into account,
* and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales.
* The java.text package provides collators to allow
* locale-sensitive ordering.
*/
public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str) {
return CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER.compare(this, str);
}

/**
* Tests if two string regions are equal.
* 
* A substring of this <tt>String</tt> object is compared to a substring
* of the argument other. The result is true if these substrings
* represent identical character sequences. The substring of this
* <tt>String</tt> object to be compared begins at index <tt>toffset</tt>
* and has length <tt>len</tt>. The substring of other to be compared
* begins at index <tt>ooffset</tt> and has length <tt>len</tt>. The
* result is <tt>false</tt> if and only if at least one of the following
* is true:
* <ul><li><tt>toffset</tt> is negative.
* <li><tt>ooffset</tt> is negative.
* <li><tt>toffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of this
* <tt>String</tt> object.
* <li><tt>ooffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of the other
* argument.
* <li>There is some nonnegative integer k less than <tt>len</tt>
* such that:
* <tt>this.charAt(toffset+k) != other.charAt(ooffset+k)</tt>
*/
public boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset,
int len) {
char ta[] = value;
int to = toffset;
char pa[] = other.value;
int po = ooffset;
// Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0)
|| (toffset > (long)value.length - len)
|| (ooffset > (long)other.value.length - len)) {
return false;
}
while (len-- > 0) {
if (ta[to++] != pa[po++]) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}

/**
* Tests if two string regions are equal.
* 
* A substring of this <tt>String</tt> object is compared to a substring
* of the argument <tt>other</tt>. The result is <tt>true</tt> if these
* substrings represent character sequences that are the same, ignoring
* case if and only if <tt>ignoreCase</tt> is true. The substring of
* this <tt>String</tt> object to be compared begins at index
* <tt>toffset</tt> and has length <tt>len</tt>. The substring of
* <tt>other</tt> to be compared begins at index <tt>ooffset</tt> and
* has length <tt>len</tt>. The result is <tt>false</tt> if and only if
* at least one of the following is true:
* <ul><li><tt>toffset</tt> is negative.
* <li><tt>ooffset</tt> is negative.
* <li><tt>toffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of this
* <tt>String</tt> object.
* <li><tt>ooffset+len</tt> is greater than the length of the other
* argument.
* <li><tt>ignoreCase</tt> is <tt>false</tt> and there is some nonnegative
* integer k less than <tt>len</tt> such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* this.charAt(toffset+k) != other.charAt(ooffset+k)
* </pre></blockquote>
* <li><tt>ignoreCase</tt> is <tt>true</tt> and there is some nonnegative
* integer k less than <tt>len</tt> such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* Character.toLowerCase(this.charAt(toffset+k)) !=
Character.toLowerCase(other.charAt(ooffset+k))
* </pre></blockquote>
* and:
* <blockquote><pre>
* Character.toUpperCase(this.charAt(toffset+k)) !=
* Character.toUpperCase(other.charAt(ooffset+k))
* </pre></blockquote>
* </ul>
*/
public boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int toffset,
String other, int ooffset, int len) {
char ta[] = value;
int to = toffset;
char pa[] = other.value;
int po = ooffset;
// Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0)
|| (toffset > (long)value.length - len)
|| (ooffset > (long)other.value.length - len)) {
return false;
}
while (len-- > 0) {
char c1 = ta[to++];
char c2 = pa[po++];
if (c1 == c2) {
continue;
}
if (ignoreCase) {
// If characters don't match but case may be ignored,
// try converting both characters to uppercase.
// If the results match, then the comparison scan should
// continue.
char u1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
char u2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
if (u1 == u2) {
continue;
}
// Unfortunately, conversion to uppercase does not work properly
// for the Georgian alphabet, which has strange rules about case
// conversion. So we need to make one last check before
// exiting.
if (Character.toLowerCase(u1) == Character.toLowerCase(u2)) {
continue;
}
}
return false;
}
return true;
}
//常用的方法
public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset) {
char ta[] = value;
int to = toffset;
char pa[] = prefix.value;
int po = 0;
int pc = prefix.value.length;
// Note: toffset might be near -1>>>1.
if ((toffset < 0) || (toffset > value.length - pc)) {
return false;
}
while (--pc >= 0) {
if (ta[to++] != pa[po++]) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
//常用的方法
public boolean startsWith(String prefix) {
return startsWith(prefix, 0);
}

public boolean endsWith(String suffix) {
return startsWith(suffix, value.length - suffix.value.length);
}

/**
* Returns a hash code for this string. The hash code for a
* <code>String</code> object is computed as
* <blockquote><pre>
* s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
* </pre></blockquote>
* using <code>int</code> arithmetic, where <code>s[i]</code> is the
* ith character of the string, <code>n</code> is the length of
* the string, and <code>^</code> indicates exponentiation.
* (The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
*
* @return a hash code value for this object.
*/
public int hashCode() {
int h = hash;
if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
char val[] = value;
for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
h = 31 * h + val[i];
}
hash = h;
}
return h;
}

public int indexOf(int ch) {
return indexOf(ch, 0);
}

public int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) {
final int max = value.length;
if (fromIndex < 0) {
fromIndex = 0;
} else if (fromIndex >= max) {
// Note: fromIndex might be near -1>>>1.
return -1;
}

if (ch < Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT) {
// handle most cases here (ch is a BMP code point or a
// negative value (invalid code point))
final char[] value = this.value;
for (int i = fromIndex; i < max; i++) {
if (value[i] == ch) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
} else {
return indexOfSupplementary(ch, fromIndex);
}
}

/**
* Handles (rare) calls of indexOf with a supplementary character.
*/
private int indexOfSupplementary(int ch, int fromIndex) {
if (Character.isValidCodePoint(ch)) {
final char[] value = this.value;
final char hi = Character.highSurrogate(ch);
final char lo = Character.lowSurrogate(ch);
final int max = value.length - 1;
for (int i = fromIndex; i < max; i++) {
if (value[i] == hi && value[i + 1] == lo) {
return i;
}
}
}
return -1;
}

public int lastIndexOf(int ch) {
return lastIndexOf(ch, value.length - 1);
}

/**
* Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of
* the specified character, searching backward starting at the
* specified index. For values of <code>ch</code> in the range
* from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive), the index returned is the largest
* value k such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* (this.charAt(k) == ch) && (k <= fromIndex)
* </pre></blockquote>
* is true. For other values of <code>ch</code>, it is the
* largest value k such that:
* <blockquote><pre>
* (this.codePointAt(k) == ch) && (k <= fromIndex)
* </pre></blockquote>
* is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in this
* string at or before position <code>fromIndex</code>, then
* <code>-1</code> is returned.
*
* All indices are specified in <code>char</code> values
* (Unicode code units).
*
* @param ch a character (Unicode code point).
* @param fromIndex the index to start the search from. There is no
* restriction on the value of <code>fromIndex</code>. If it is
* greater than or equal to the length of this string, it has
* the same effect as if it were equal to one less than the
* length of this string: this entire string may be searched.
* If it is negative, it has the same effect as if it were -1:
* -1 is returned.
* @return the index of the last occurrence of the character in the
* character sequence represented by this object that is less
* than or equal to <code>fromIndex</code>, or <code>-1</code>
* if the character does not occur before that point.
*/
public int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) {
if (ch < Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT) {
// handle most cases here (ch is a BMP code point or a
// negative value (invalid code point))
final char[] value = this.value;
int i = Math.min(fromIndex, value.length - 1);
for (; i >= 0; i--) {
if (value[i] == ch) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
} else {
return lastIndexOfSupplementary(ch, fromIndex);
}
}

/**
* Handles (rare) calls of lastIndexOf with a supplementary character.
*/
private int lastIndexOfSupplementary(int ch, int fromIndex) {
if (Character.isValidCodePoint(ch)) {
final char[] value = this.value;
char hi = Character.highSurrogate(ch);
char lo = Character.lowSurrogate(ch);
int i = Math.min(fromIndex, value.length - 2);
for (; i >= 0; i--) {
if (value[i] == hi && value[i + 1] == lo) {
return i;
}
}
}
return -1;
}

public int indexOf(String str) {
return indexOf(str, 0);
}

/**
* Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the
* specified substring, starting at the specified index.
*
* The returned index is the smallest value k for which:
* <blockquote><pre>
* k >= fromIndex && this.startsWith(str, k)
* </pre></blockquote>
* If no such value of k exists, then {@code -1} is returned.
*
* @param str the substring to search for.
* @param fromIndex the index from which to start the search.
* @return the index of the first occurrence of the specified substring,
* starting at the specified index,
* or {@code -1} if there is no such occurrence.
*/
public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
return indexOf(value, 0, value.length,
str.value, 0, str.value.length, fromIndex);
}

/**
* Code shared by String and StringBuffer to do searches. The
* source is the character array being searched, and the target
* is the string being searched for.
*
* @param source the characters being searched.
* @param sourceOffset offset of the source string.
* @param sourceCount count of the source string.
* @param target the characters being searched for.
* @param targetOffset offset of the target string.
* @param targetCount count of the target string.
* @param fromIndex the index to begin searching from.
*/
static int indexOf(char[] source, int sourceOffset, int sourceCount,
char[] target, int targetOffset, int targetCount,
int fromIndex) {
if (fromIndex >= sourceCount) {
return (targetCount == 0 ? sourceCount : -1);
}
if (fromIndex < 0) {
fromIndex = 0;
}
if (targetCount == 0) {
return fromIndex;
}
char first = target[targetOffset];
int max = sourceOffset + (sourceCount - targetCount);
for (int i = sourceOffset + fromIndex; i <= max; i++) {
/* Look for first character. */
if (source[i] != first) {
while (++i <= max && source[i] != first);
}
/* Found first character, now look at the rest of v2 */
if (i <= max) {
int j = i + 1;
int end = j + targetCount - 1;
for (int k = targetOffset + 1; j < end && source[j]
== target[k]; j++, k++);
if (j == end) {
/* Found whole string. */
return i - sourceOffset;
}
}
}
return -1;
}

public int lastIndexOf(String str) {
return lastIndexOf(str, value.length);
}

/**
* Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the
* specified substring, searching backward starting at the specified index.
*
* The returned index is the largest value k for which:
* <blockquote><pre>
* k <= fromIndex && this.startsWith(str, k)
* </pre></blockquote>
* If no such value of k exists, then {@code -1} is returned.
*
* @param str the substring to search for.
* @param fromIndex the index to start the search from.
* @return the index of the last occurrence of the specified substring,
* searching backward from the specified index,
* or {@code -1} if there is no such occurrence.
*/
public int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex) {
return lastIndexOf(value, 0, value.length,
str.value, 0, str.value.length, fromIndex);
}

/**
* Code shared by String and StringBuffer to do searches. The
* source is the character array being searched, and the target
* is the string being searched for.
*
* @param source the characters being searched.
* @param sourceOffset offset of the source string.
* @param sourceCount count of the source string.
* @param target the characters being searched for.
* @param targetOffset offset of the target string.
* @param targetCount count of the target string.
* @param fromIndex the index to begin searching from.
*/
static int lastIndexOf(char[] source, int sourceOffset, int sourceCount,
char[] target, int targetOffset, int targetCount,
int fromIndex) {
/*
* Check arguments; return immediately where possible. For
* consistency, don't check for null str.
*/
int rightIndex = sourceCount - targetCount;
if (fromIndex < 0) {
return -1;
}
if (fromIndex > rightIndex) {
fromIndex = rightIndex;
}
/* Empty string always matches. */
if (targetCount == 0) {
return fromIndex;
}
int strLastIndex = targetOffset + targetCount - 1;
char strLastChar = target[strLastIndex];
int min = sourceOffset + targetCount - 1;
int i = min + fromIndex;
startSearchForLastChar:
while (true) {
while (i >= min && source[i] != strLastChar) {
i--;
}
if (i < min) {
return -1;
}
int j = i - 1;
int start = j - (targetCount - 1);
int k = strLastIndex - 1;
while (j > start) {
if (source[j--] != target[k--]) {
i--;
continue startSearchForLastChar;
}
}
return start - sourceOffset + 1;
}
}

public String substring(int beginIndex) {
if (beginIndex < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(beginIndex);
}
int subLen = value.length - beginIndex;
if (subLen < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(subLen);
}
return (beginIndex == 0) ? this : new String(value, beginIndex, subLen);
}

public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
if (beginIndex < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(beginIndex);
}
if (endIndex > value.length) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
}
int subLen = endIndex - beginIndex;
if (subLen < 0) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(subLen);
}

return ((beginIndex == 0) && (endIndex == value.length)) ? this : new String(value, beginIndex, subLen

);}

public CharSequence subSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
return this.substring(beginIndex, endIndex);
}

/**
* 字符串拼接
public String concat(String str) {
int otherLen = str.length();
if (otherLen == 0) {
return this;
}
int len = value.length;
char buf[] = Arrays.copyOf(value, len + otherLen);
str.getChars(buf, len);
return new String(buf, true);
}

/**
* Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of
* <code>oldChar</code> in this string with <code>newChar</code>.
* 
* If the character <code>oldChar</code> does not occur in the
* character sequence represented by this <code>String</code> object,
* then a reference to this <code>String</code> object is returned.
* Otherwise, a new <code>String</code> object is created that
* represents a character sequence identical to the character sequence
* represented by this <code>String</code> object, except that every
* occurrence of <code>oldChar</code> is replaced by an occurrence
* of <code>newChar</code>.
* 
* Examples:
* <blockquote><pre>
* "mesquite in your cellar".replace('e', 'o')
* returns "mosquito in your collar"
* "the war of baronets".replace('r', 'y')
* returns "the way of bayonets"
* "sparring with a purple porpoise".replace('p', 't')
* returns "starring with a turtle tortoise"
* "JonL".replace('q', 'x') returns "JonL" (no change)
* </pre></blockquote>
*
* @param oldChar the old character.
* @param newChar the new character.
* @return a string derived from this string by replacing every
* occurrence of <code>oldChar</code> with <code>newChar</code>.
*/
public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {
if (oldChar != newChar) {
int len = value.length;
int i = -1;
char[] val = value; /* avoid getfield opcode */
while (++i < len) {
if (val[i] == oldChar) {
break;
}
}
if (i < len) {
char buf[] = new char[len];
for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
buf[j] = val[j];
}
while (i < len) {
char c = val[i];
buf[i] = (c == oldChar) ? newChar : c;
i++;
}
return new String(buf, true);
}
}
return this;
}

/**
* Tells whether or not this string matches the given <a
* href="../util/regex/Pattern.html#sum">regular expression</a>.
*
* An invocation of this method of the form
* str<tt>.matches(</tt>regex<tt>)</tt> yields exactly the
* same result as the expression
*
* <blockquote><tt> {@link java.util.regex.Pattern}.{@link
* java.util.regex.Pattern#matches(String,CharSequence)
* matches}(</tt>regex<tt>,</tt> str<tt>)</tt></blockquote>
*
* @param regex
* the regular expression to which this string is to be matched
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if, and only if, this string matches the
* given regular expression
*
* @throws PatternSyntaxException
* if the regular expression's syntax is invalid
*
* @see java.util.regex.Pattern
*
* @since 1.4
* @spec JSR-51
*/
public boolean matches(String regex) {
return Pattern.matches(regex, this);
}

/**
* Returns true if and only if this string contains the specified
* sequence of char values.
*
* @param s the sequence to search for
* @return true if this string contains <code>s</code>, false otherwise
* @throws NullPointerException if <code>s</code> is <code>null</code>
* @since 1.5
*/
public boolean contains(CharSequence s) {
return indexOf(s.toString()) > -1;
}

/**
* Replaces the first substring of this string that matches the given <a
* href="../util/regex/Pattern.html#sum">regular expression</a> with the
* given replacement.
*
* An invocation of this method of the form
* str<tt>.replaceFirst(</tt>regex<tt>,</tt> repl<tt>)</tt>
* yields exactly the same result as the expression
*
* <blockquote><tt>
* {@link java.util.regex.Pattern}.{@link java.util.regex.Pattern#compile
* compile}(</tt>regex<tt>).{@link
* java.util.regex.Pattern#matcher(java.lang.CharSequence)
* matcher}(</tt>str<tt>).{@link java.util.regex.Matcher#replaceFirst
* replaceFirst}(</tt>repl<tt>)</tt></blockquote>
*
*
* Note that backslashes (<tt>\</tt>) and dollar signs (<tt>$</tt>) in the
* replacement string may cause the results to be different than if it were
* being treated as a literal replacement string; see
* {@link java.util.regex.Matcher#replaceFirst}.
* Use {@link java.util.regex.Matcher#quoteReplacement} to suppress the special
* meaning of these characters, if desired.
*
* @param regex
* the regular expression to which this string is to be matched
* @param replacement
* the string to be substituted for the first match
*
* @return The resulting <tt>String</tt>
*
* @throws PatternSyntaxException
* if the regular expression's syntax is invalid
*
* @see java.util.regex.Pattern
*
* @since 1.4
* @spec JSR-51
*/
public String replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement) {
return Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(this).replaceFirst(replacement);
}

public String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement) {
return Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(this).replaceAll(replacement);
}

public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement) {
return Pattern.compile(target.toString(), Pattern.LITERAL).matcher(
this).replaceAll(Matcher.quoteReplacement(replacement.toString()));
}

public String[] split(String regex, int limit) {
/* fastpath if the regex is a
(1)one-char String and this character is not one of the
RegEx's meta characters ".$|()[{^?*+\\", or
(2)two-char String and the first char is the backslash and
the second is not the ascii digit or ascii letter.
*/
char ch = 0;
if (((regex.value.length == 1 &&
".$|()[{^?*+\\".indexOf(ch = regex.charAt(0)) == -1) ||
(regex.length() == 2 &&
regex.charAt(0) == '\\' &&
(((ch = regex.charAt(1))-'0')|('9'-ch)) < 0 &&
((ch-'a')|('z'-ch)) < 0 &&
((ch-'A')|('Z'-ch)) < 0)) &&
(ch < Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE ||
ch > Character.MAX_LOW_SURROGATE))
{
int off = 0;
int next = 0;
boolean limited = limit > 0;
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
while ((next = indexOf(ch, off)) != -1) {
if (!limited || list.size() < limit - 1) {
list.add(substring(off, next));
off = next + 1;
} else { // last one
//assert (list.size() == limit - 1);
list.add(substring(off, value.length));
off = value.length;
break;
}
}
// If no match was found, return this
if (off == 0)
return new String[]{this};
// Add remaining segment
if (!limited || list.size() < limit)
list.add(substring(off, value.length));
// Construct result
int resultSize = list.size();
if (limit == 0)
while (resultSize > 0 && list.get(resultSize - 1).length() == 0)
resultSize--;
String[] result = new String[resultSize];
return list.subList(0, resultSize).toArray(result);
}
return Pattern.compile(regex).split(this, limit);
}

public String[] split(String regex) {
return split(regex, 0);
}

public String toLowerCase(Locale locale) {
if (locale == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
int firstUpper;
final int len = value.length;
/* Now check if there are any characters that need to be changed. */
scan: {
for (firstUpper = 0 ; firstUpper < len; ) {
char c = value[firstUpper];
if ((c >= Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE)
&& (c <= Character.MAX_HIGH_SURROGATE)) {
int supplChar = codePointAt(firstUpper);
if (supplChar != Character.toLowerCase(supplChar)) {
break scan;
}
firstUpper += Character.charCount(supplChar);
} else {
if (c != Character.toLowerCase(c)) {
break scan;
}
firstUpper++;
}
}
return this;
}
char[] result = new char[len];
int resultOffset = 0; /* result may grow, so i+resultOffset
* is the write location in result */
/* Just copy the first few lowerCase characters. */
System.arraycopy(value, 0, result, 0, firstUpper);
String lang = locale.getLanguage();
boolean localeDependent =
(lang == "tr" || lang == "az" || lang == "lt");
char[] lowerCharArray;
int lowerChar;
int srcChar;
int srcCount;
for (int i = firstUpper; i < len; i += srcCount) {
srcChar = (int)value[i];
if ((char)srcChar >= Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE
&& (char)srcChar <= Character.MAX_HIGH_SURROGATE) {
srcChar = codePointAt(i);
srcCount = Character.charCount(srcChar);
} else {
srcCount = 1;
}
if (localeDependent || srcChar == '\u03A3') { // GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA
lowerChar = ConditionalSpecialCasing.toLowerCaseEx(this, i, locale);
} else if (srcChar == '\u0130') { // LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I DOT
lowerChar = Character.ERROR;
} else {
lowerChar = Character.toLowerCase(srcChar);
}
if ((lowerChar == Character.ERROR)
|| (lowerChar >= Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT)) {
if (lowerChar == Character.ERROR) {
if (!localeDependent && srcChar == '\u0130') {
lowerCharArray =
ConditionalSpecialCasing.toLowerCaseCharArray(this, i, Locale.ENGLISH);
} else {
lowerCharArray =
ConditionalSpecialCasing.toLowerCaseCharArray(this, i, locale);
}
} else if (srcCount == 2) {
resultOffset += Character.toChars(lowerChar, result, i + resultOffset) - srcCount;
continue;
} else {
lowerCharArray = Character.toChars(lowerChar);
}
/* Grow result if needed */
int mapLen = lowerCharArray.length;
if (mapLen > srcCount) {
char[] result2 = new char[result.length + mapLen - srcCount];
System.arraycopy(result, 0, result2, 0, i + resultOffset);
result = result2;
}
for (int x = 0; x < mapLen; ++x) {
result[i + resultOffset + x] = lowerCharArray[x];
}
resultOffset += (mapLen - srcCount);
} else {
result[i + resultOffset] = (char)lowerChar;
}
}
return new String(result, 0, len + resultOffset);
}

public String toLowerCase() {
return toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault());
}

public String toUpperCase(Locale locale) {
if (locale == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
int firstLower;
final int len = value.length;
/* Now check if there are any characters that need to be changed. */
scan: {
for (firstLower = 0 ; firstLower < len; ) {
int c = (int)value[firstLower];
int srcCount;
if ((c >= Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE)
&& (c <= Character.MAX_HIGH_SURROGATE)) {
c = codePointAt(firstLower);
srcCount = Character.charCount(c);
} else {
srcCount = 1;
}
int upperCaseChar = Character.toUpperCaseEx(c);
if ((upperCaseChar == Character.ERROR)
|| (c != upperCaseChar)) {
break scan;
}
firstLower += srcCount;
}
return this;
}
char[] result = new char[len]; /* may grow */
int resultOffset = 0; /* result may grow, so i+resultOffset
* is the write location in result */

/* Just copy the first few upperCase characters. */
System.arraycopy(value, 0, result, 0, firstLower);
String lang = locale.getLanguage();
boolean localeDependent =
(lang == "tr" || lang == "az" || lang == "lt");
char[] upperCharArray;
int upperChar;
int srcChar;
int srcCount;
for (int i = firstLower; i < len; i += srcCount) {
srcChar = (int)value[i];
if ((char)srcChar >= Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE &&
(char)srcChar <= Character.MAX_HIGH_SURROGATE) {
srcChar = codePointAt(i);
srcCount = Character.charCount(srcChar);
} else {
srcCount = 1;
}
if (localeDependent) {
upperChar = ConditionalSpecialCasing.toUpperCaseEx(this, i, locale);
} else {
upperChar = Character.toUpperCaseEx(srcChar);
}
if ((upperChar == Character.ERROR)
|| (upperChar >= Character.MIN_SUPPLEMENTARY_CODE_POINT)) {
if (upperChar == Character.ERROR) {
if (localeDependent) {
upperCharArray =
ConditionalSpecialCasing.toUpperCaseCharArray(this, i, locale);
} else {
upperCharArray = Character.toUpperCaseCharArray(srcChar);
}
} else if (srcCount == 2) {
resultOffset += Character.toChars(upperChar, result, i + resultOffset) - srcCount;
continue;
} else {
upperCharArray = Character.toChars(upperChar);
}
/* Grow result if needed */
int mapLen = upperCharArray.length;
if (mapLen > srcCount) {
char[] result2 = new char[result.length + mapLen - srcCount];
System.arraycopy(result, 0, result2, 0, i + resultOffset);
result = result2;
}
for (int x = 0; x < mapLen; ++x) {
result[i + resultOffset + x] = upperCharArray[x];
}
resultOffset += (mapLen - srcCount);
} else {
result[i + resultOffset] = (char)upperChar;
}
}
return new String(result, 0, len + resultOffset);
}
//转换成大写
public String toUpperCase() {
return toUpperCase(Locale.getDefault());
}
//去掉空格
public String trim() {
int len = value.length;
int st = 0;
char[] val = value; /* avoid getfield opcode */
while ((st < len) && (val[st] <= ' ')) {
st++;
}
while ((st < len) && (val[len - 1] <= ' ')) {
len--;
}
return ((st > 0) || (len < value.length)) ? substring(st, len) : this;
}
//返回字符串
public String toString() {
return this;
}

/**
* Converts this string to a new character array.
* 将字符串转换成字符数组
*/
public char[] toCharArray() {
// Cannot use Arrays.copyOf because of class initialization order issues
char result[] = new char[value.length];
System.arraycopy(value, 0, result, 0, value.length);
return result;
}

/**
* Returns a formatted string using the specified format string and
* arguments.
*
* The locale always used is the one returned by {@link
* java.util.Locale#getDefault() Locale.getDefault()}.
*
* @param format
* A <a href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">format string</a>
*
* @param args
* Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format
* string. If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the
* extra arguments are ignored. The number of arguments is
* variable and may be zero. The maximum number of arguments is
* limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by
* <cite>The Java™ Virtual Machine Specification</cite>.
* The behaviour on a
* <tt>null</tt> argument depends on the <a
* href="../util/Formatter.html#syntax">conversion</a>.
*
* @throws IllegalFormatException
* If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format
* specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments,
* insufficient arguments given the format string, or other
* illegal conditions. For specification of all possible
* formatting errors, see the <a
* href="../util/Formatter.html#detail">Details</a> section of the
* formatter class specification.
*
* @throws NullPointerException
* If the <tt>format</tt> is <tt>null</tt>
*
* @return A formatted string
*
* @see java.util.Formatter
* @since 1.5
*/
public static String format(String format, Object... args) {
return new Formatter().format(format, args).toString();
}

public static String format(Locale l, String format, Object... args) {
return new Formatter(l).format(format, args).toString();
}

/**
* Returns the string representation of the <code>Object</code> argument.
*
* @param obj an <code>Object</code>.
* @return if the argument is <code>null</code>, then a string equal to
* <code>"null"</code>; otherwise, the value of
* <code>obj.toString()</code> is returned.
* @see java.lang.Object#toString()
*/
public static String valueOf(Object obj) {
return (obj == null) ? "null" : obj.toString();
}

/**
* Returns the string representation of the <code>char</code> array
* argument. The contents of the character array are copied; subsequent
* modification of the character array does not affect the newly
* created string.
*
* @param data a <code>char</code> array.
* @return a newly allocated string representing the same sequence of
* characters contained in the character array argument.
*/
public static String valueOf(char data[]) {
return new String(data);
}

/**
* Returns the string representation of a specific subarray of the
* <code>char</code> array argument.
* 
* The <code>offset</code> argument is the index of the first
* character of the subarray. The <code>count</code> argument
* specifies the length of the subarray. The contents of the subarray
* are copied; subsequent modification of the character array does not
* affect the newly created string.
*
* @param data the character array.
* @param offset the initial offset into the value of the
* <code>String</code>.
* @param count the length of the value of the <code>String</code>.
* @return a string representing the sequence of characters contained
* in the subarray of the character array argument.
* @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if <code>offset</code> is
* negative, or <code>count</code> is negative, or
* <code>offset+count</code> is larger than
* <code>data.length</code>.
*/
public static String valueOf(char data[], int offset, int count) {
return new String(data, offset, count);
}

/**
* Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the
* array specified.
*
* @param data the character array.
* @param offset initial offset of the subarray.
* @param count length of the subarray.
* @return a <code>String</code> that contains the characters of the
* specified subarray of the character array.
*/
public static String copyValueOf(char data[], int offset, int count) {
// All public String constructors now copy the data.
return new String(data, offset, count);
}

/**
* Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the
* array specified.
*
* @param data the character array.
* @return a <code>String</code> that contains the characters of the
* character array.
*/
public static String copyValueOf(char data[]) {
return new String(data);
}

/**
* Returns the string representation of the <code>boolean</code> argument.
*
* @param b a <code>boolean</code>.
* @return if the argument is <code>true</code>, a string equal to
* <code>"true"</code> is returned; otherwise, a string equal to
* <code>"false"</code> is returned.
*/
public static String valueOf(boolean b) {
return b ? "true" : "false";
}

/**
* Returns the string representation of the <code>char</code>
* argument.
*
* @param c a <code>char</code>.
* @return a string of length <code>1</code> containing
* as its single character the argument <code>c</code>.
*/
public static String valueOf(char c) {
char data[] = {c};
return new String(data, true);
}

/**
* Returns the string representation of the <code>int</code> argument.
* 
* The representation is exactly the one returned by the
* <code>Integer.toString</code> method of one argument.
* 阅读源码，使人进步
* @param i an <code>int</code>.
* @return a string representation of the <code>int</code> argument.
* @see java.lang.Integer#toString(int, int)
*/
public static String valueOf(int i) {
return Integer.toString(i);
}

public static String valueOf(long l) {
return Long.toString(l);
}

public static String valueOf(float f) {
return Float.toString(f);
}

public static String valueOf(double d) {
return Double.toString(d);
}

/**
* Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
* A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the class String
* When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a
* string equal to this String object as determined by
* the equals method, then the string from the pool is
* returned. Otherwise, this String object is added to the
* pool and a reference to this String object is returned.
* It follows that for any two strings <code>s</code> and <code>t</code>,
* <code>s.intern() == t.intern()</code> is <code>true</code>
* if and only if <code>s.equals(t)</code> is <code>true</code>.
* 
* 不常用的一个方法，提到了String的共享池，为节省空间而设置的。
* @return a string that has the same contents as this string, but is
* guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings.
*/
public native String intern();

/**
* Seed value used for each alternative hash calculated.
*/
private static final int HASHING_SEED;

static {
long nanos = System.nanoTime();
long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
int SEED_MATERIAL[] = {
System.identityHashCode(String.class),
System.identityHashCode(System.class),
(int) (nanos >>> 32),
(int) nanos,
(int) (now >>> 32),
(int) now,
(int) (System.nanoTime() >>> 2)
};

// Use murmur3 to scramble the seeding material.
// Inline implementation to avoid loading classes
int h1 = 0;
// body
for (int k1 : SEED_MATERIAL) {
k1 *= 0xcc9e2d51;
k1 = (k1 << 15) | (k1 >>> 17);
k1 *= 0x1b873593;
h1 ^= k1;
h1 = (h1 << 13) | (h1 >>> 19);
h1 = h1 * 5 + 0xe6546b64;
}
// tail (always empty, as body is always 32-bit chunks)
// finalization
h1 ^= SEED_MATERIAL.length * 4;
// finalization mix force all bits of a hash block to avalanche
h1 ^= h1 >>> 16;
h1 *= 0x85ebca6b;
h1 ^= h1 >>> 13;
h1 *= 0xc2b2ae35;
h1 ^= h1 >>> 16;
HASHING_SEED = h1;
}

/**
* Cached value of the alternative hashing algorithm result
*/
private transient int hash32 = 0;

/**
* Calculates a 32-bit hash value for this string.
* 阅读源码，使人进步
* @return a 32-bit hash value for this string.
*/
int hash32() {
int h = hash32;
if (0 == h) {
// harmless data race on hash32 here.
h = sun.misc.Hashing.murmur3_32(HASHING_SEED, value, 0, value.length);
// ensure result is not zero to avoid recalcing
h = (0 != h) ? h : 1;
hash32 = h;
}
return h;
}
}

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