简单数据结构实现——二叉查找树

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二叉查找树(Binary Search Tree)具有以下基本性质:

1.若它的左子树不空,则左子树上所有结点的值均小于它的根节点的值;

2.若它的右子树不空,则右子树上所有结点的值均大于它的根节点的值;

3.它的左右子树也分别为二叉排序树。


通常采取二叉链表作为二叉排序树的存储结构。在java中构造了如下的记node类来代表单个节点:

[java] view plain copy

    public class BinaryNode<AnyType> {  
        AnyType data;  
        BinaryNode<AnyType> left;  
        BinaryNode<AnyType> right;  
          
        public BinaryNode(AnyType newData){  
            this(newData, null, null);  
        }  
          
        public BinaryNode(AnyType newData, BinaryNode<AnyType> lt, BinaryNode<AnyType> rt){  
            data=newData;  
            left=lt;  
            right=rt;  
        }  
          
    }  


初始化构建的时候,只要定义一个节点node=null,即可,在后续插入的过程中逐渐形成BST。


向一个二叉查找树b中插入一个节点s的算法:

1.若b是空树,则将s所指节点作为根节点插入,否则:

2.若s.data等于b的根节点的数据值,则返回,否则:

3.若s.data小于b的根节点的数据值,则把s所指节点插入到左子树中,否则:

4.把s所指节点插入到右子树中。

实现插入操作的代码如下:

[java] view plain copy

    <strong><span style="font-size:12px;">public boolean insert(AnyType element){  
            if(root==null){  
                root=new BinaryNode<AnyType>(element);  
                size++;  
                return true;  
            }  
            else return insert(element,root);  
        }  
          
        public boolean insert(AnyType element, BinaryNode<AnyType> node){  
            if(element.compareTo(node.data)<0){  
                //Operate on left-child.  
                if(node.left==null){  
                    BinaryNode<AnyType> newNode=new BinaryNode(element);  
                    node.left=newNode;  
                    size++;  
                    return true;  
                }  
                else{  
                    return insert(element,node.left);  
                }  
            }  
            else{  
                //Operate on right-child.  
                if(node.right==null){  
                    BinaryNode<AnyType> newNode=new BinaryNode(element);  
                    node.right=newNode;  
                    size++;  
                    return true;  
                }  
                else{  
                    return insert(element,node.right);  
                }  
            }  
        }</span></strong>  



二叉查找树的查找算法:

1.若b是空树,则搜索失败,否则:

2.若x等于b的根节点的数据值,则查找成功,否则:

3.若x小于b的根节点的数据值,则搜索左子树,否则:

4.搜索右子树。

相关代码如下:

[java] view plain copy

    <strong><span style="font-size:12px;">//Search in the whole tree  
        public boolean contains(AnyType element){  
            return contains(element, root);  
        }  
          
        //Search it recursively!  
        private boolean contains(AnyType element, BinaryNode<AnyType> node){  
            if(node==null) return false;  
              
            if(element.compareTo(node.data)<0) return contains(element, node.left);  
            else if(element.compareTo(node.data)>0)  return contains(element, node.right);  
            else return true;  
        }</span></strong>  


在这里附上查找最大值和最小值的方法,分别查找最左端节点和最右端节点即可,不难实现:

[java] view plain copy

    <strong><span style="font-size:12px;">//This is the external method to find the minimum value.  
        //The data value will be returned! Not the node.  
        public AnyType findMin(){  
            return findMin(root).data;  
        }  
          
        //This the internal method to find the minimum NODE recursively.  
        //The node with the minimum value will be returned! Not the value!  
        private BinaryNode<AnyType> findMin(BinaryNode<AnyType> node){  
            if(node==null) return null;  
            else if(node.left!=null) return findMin(node.left);  
            else return node;  
        }  
          
        public AnyType findMax(){  
            return findMax(root).data;  
        }  
          
        //This is the internal method to find the maximum NODE.  
        //But it's done with a while loop instead of recursion.  
        //The node with the maximum value will be returned! Not the value!  
        private BinaryNode<AnyType> findMax(BinaryNode<AnyType> node){  
            if(node!=null)  
                while(node.right!=null)  
                    node=node.right;  
            return node;  
        }</span></strong>  


删除节点的算法,相对来说最复杂:

在二叉查找树中删去一个节点,分三种情况讨论:

1.若P节点为叶子节点,即PL和PR均为空树,则直接删除该节点即可(修改它的父节点即可)。

2.若P节点只有左子树PL或右子树PR,此时只要修改P的父节点的相关数据域,将其直接连接到PL或PR即可,该修改不会破坏二叉排序树的特性。

3.若P节点的左子树和右子树均不为空,此时的做法是,找到P节点的右子树中的最小值,将该值取代P,然后对该右子树中最小值所在的节点进行删除操作。

相关代码如下:

[java] view plain copy

    <strong><span style="font-size:12px;">public AnyType findMin(){  
            return findMin(root).data;  
        }  
          
        //This the internal method to find the minimum NODE recursively.  
        //The node with the minimum value will be returned! Not the value!  
        private BinaryNode<AnyType> findMin(BinaryNode<AnyType> node){  
            if(node==null) return null;  
            else if(node.left!=null) return findMin(node.left);  
            else return node;  
        }  
          
        public AnyType findMax(){  
            return findMax(root).data;  
        }  
          
        //This is the internal method to find the maximum NODE.  
        //But it's done with a while loop instead of recursion.  
        //The node with the maximum value will be returned! Not the value!  
        private BinaryNode<AnyType> findMax(BinaryNode<AnyType> node){  
            if(node!=null)  
                while(node.right!=null)  
                    node=node.right;  
            return node;  
        }</span></strong>  


遍历算法:

相当简单,直接给出代码,调整三行语句的顺序可以改变为前序遍历与后序遍历,实现层次遍历需要队列。主语 !=null 条件:

[java] view plain copy

    <strong><span style="font-size:12px;">public void printTree(){  
            if(isEmpty()){  
                System.out.println("The tree is empty!");  
            }  
            else{  
                printTree(root);  
            }  
        }  
          
        //This is the internal method which will implements inorder traversal.  
        //Change the order of statements can change it into a preorder/postorder traversal.  
        //To have a level order traversal will use a queue.  
        private void printTree(BinaryNode<AnyType> node){  
            if(node!=null){  
                printTree(node.left);  
                System.out.println(node.data);  
                printTree(node.right);  
            }  
        }</span></strong>
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